Abstract
A new voltametric method for highly sensitive propranolol (PROP) determination was developed. A glassy carbon electrode modified with a hybrid material made of carbon black (CB) and Nafion was used as the working electrode. The preconcentration potential and time were optimized (550 mV and 15 s), as well as the supporting electrolyte (0.1 mol L−1 H2SO4). For 15 s preconcentration time, linearity was achieved in the range 0.5–3.5 μmol L−1 and for 120 s in 0.02–0.14 μmol L−1. Based on the conducted calibration (120 s preconcentration time) limit of detection (LOD) was calculated and was equal to 7 nmol L−1. To verify the usefulness of the developed method, propranolol determination was carried out in real samples (tablets and freeze-dried urine). Recoveries were calculated and were in the range 92–102%, suggesting that the method might be considered as accurate. The repeatability of the signal expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) was equal to 1.5% (n = 9, PROP concentration 2.5 µmol L−1). The obtained results proved that the developed method for propranolol determination might be successfully applied in routine laboratory practice.
Highlights
Propranolol (PROP) belongs to the group of non-selective β-blockers
The glassy carbon electrode modified with carbon black nanoparticles in Nafion working surface where the PROP oxidation process takes place was calculated using the dependence between the ferricyanide peak current and the square root of the scan rate
For the electrode modified by Nafion and carbon black, the size of active surface was of about 0.1058 cm2, whereas for the unmodified electrode surface the size was significantly lower of about 0.0152 cm2, which indicates that the size of modified electrode working surface is approximately seven times higher than unmodified
Summary
Propranolol (PROP) belongs to the group of non-selective β-blockers. Its mechanism of action bases on the inhibition of β1 and β2 receptors. Pharmacological inhibition of these receptors inhibits its stimulation. It limits the influence of epinephrine and norepinephrine on tissues that possess β-receptors (e.g., in the heart, vessels, and bronchi). Β-blockers reduce heart rate and contraction force and lead to reduction of blood pressure. Propranolol might be characterized by a wide range of clinical applications, e.g., treatment of hypertension, primary and secondary prevention of myocardial infarction, prevention of migraine, reduction of anxiety, control of arrhythmias [1,2,3]
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