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Abstract
Phytoaccumulation is a technique to extract metals from soil utilising ability of plants. Cesium is a valuable metal while radioactive isotopes of cesium can be hazardous. In order to establish a more efficient phytoaccumulation system, small molecules which promote plants to accumulate cesium were investigated. Through chemical library screening, 14 chemicals were isolated as ‘cesium accumulators’ in Arabidopsis thaliana. Of those, methyl cysteinate, a derivative of cysteine, was found to function within the plant to accumulate externally supplemented cesium. Moreover, metabolite profiling demonstrated that cesium treatment increased cysteine levels in Arabidopsis. The cesium accumulation effect was not observed for other cysteine derivatives or amino acids on the cysteine metabolic pathway tested. Our results suggest that methyl cysteinate, potentially metabolised from cysteine, binds with cesium on the surface of the roots or inside plant cells and improve phytoaccumulation.
Highlights
Shown to improve cesium accumulation in plants[13,14,15,16]
Some researchers have reported that an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi improve cesium phytoaccumulation efficiency[17,18], while others have contradicted this[19,20], and there is an ongoing debate on the effect of cesium on colonisation of AM fungi[21]
Out of 10,000 chemical compounds tested, 14 chemicals were isolated as cesium accumulators in Arabidopsis thaliana (Table 1)
Summary
Shown to improve cesium accumulation in plants[13,14,15,16]. Some researchers have reported that an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi improve cesium phytoaccumulation efficiency[17,18], while others have contradicted this[19,20], and there is an ongoing debate on the effect of cesium on colonisation of AM fungi[21]. The use of ammonium has given contradicting results in respect of cesium accumulation in various plant species and soil types[24,25,26] Other factors such as elevated CO2 and decreasing concentrations of potassium, sodium and calcium have been reported as contributing to increased cesium phytoaccumulation[27,28,29,30]. Other cysteine derivatives and amino acids on the cysteine biosynthesis pathway, on the other hand, did not show a similar cesium accumulation effect It has been suggested from our results that external cesium increases internal cysteine levels in plants and is potentially metabolised into methyl cysteinate which contributes to cesium accumulation through binding with cesium
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