A NEW CONSTRUCTION OF BIENERGY AND BIANGLE IN LORENTZ 5-SPACE

The total surface free energy and the contact angle in the case of low energetic solids

In the present work, contact angles formed by drops of diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, formamide, diiodomethane, water, and mercury on a film of polypropylene (PP), on plates of polystyrene (PS), and on plates of a liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) were measured at 20°C. Then the surface energies of those polymers were evaluated using the following three different methods: harmonic mean equation and geometric mean equation, using the values of the different pairs of contact angles obtained here; and Neumann's equation, using the different values of contact angles obtained here. It was shown that the values of surface energy generated by these three methods depend on the choice of liquids used for contact angle measurements, except when a pair of any liquid with diiodomethane was used. Most likely, this is due to the difference of polarity between diiodomethane and the other liquids at the temperature of 20°C. The critical surface tensions of those polymers were also evaluated at room temperature according to the methods of Zisman and Saito using the values of contact angles obtained here. The values of critical surface tension for each polymer obtained according to the method of Zisman and Saito corroborated the results of surface energy found using the geometric mean and Neumann's equations. The values of surface energy of polystyrene obtained at 20°C were also used to evaluate the surface tension of the same material at higher temperatures and compared to the experimental values obtained with a pendant drop apparatus. The calculated values of surface tension corroborated the experimental ones only if the pair of liquids used to evaluate the surface energy of the polymers at room temperature contained diiodomethane. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 1831–1845, 2000

In the present paper, we define new particles by using biharmonic particles in Heisenberg group $$\mathbf{H}$$ . We obtain energy and angle of T magnetic biharmonic particles and some vector field. Finally, we draw energy and angle value in terms of Frenet fields in the Heisenberg group $$\mathbf{H}$$ .

Classical Julia–Kocienski fluoroolefination represents an indispensable platform for the construction of monofluoroalkenes. Nevertheless, its complex multistep mechanistic manifold along with the u...

Surface wave resonance effect in low-energy electron energy-loss spectra from MgO(001)

Surface wave resonance effect in low-energy electron energy-loss spectra from MgO(001)

Several applications of stochasticity theory to particle motion in quiescent mirror machines are discussed. We briefly review the problem of magnetic moment jumps in a conventional mirror machine, and point out the role of stochasticity in extending the mirror loss cone. We consider magnetic moment jumps in a flat-bottomed magnetic well, such as the solenoid of a tandem mirror machine, and find that, for suitable choices of field parameters, the magnetic moment change per bounce passes through zero at certain values of energy or pitch angle. This system can be modelled by a simple, asymmetric, two-step map; numerical and analytic studies of the map indicate that phase space can contain stochastic layers, separated by nonstochastic layers that serve as barriers for diffusion. We study the motion of guiding centers in a nonaxisymmetric tandem mirror solenoid and show that ions in the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Tandem Mirror Experiment (TMX) might be stochastic.

The triply differential cross section of unpolarized bremsstrahlung produced by polarized electrons in the Coulomb field of a nucleus is calculated with the aid of Sommerfeld-Maue wave functions. The photon asymmetry originating from transversely polarized electrons is calculated for various values of energies and angles, in particular for the parameters of recent experiments. As a function of the atomic number Z of the target nucleus, the asymmetry shows a distinct deviation from a linear dependence, in contrast to a previous calculation exact to lowest order in the Coulomb parameter Z/137. The cross-section formula is integrated numerically over the angles of the outgoing electrons to obtain the photon asymmetry observed in non-coincidence experiments.

Measurements on two jets, a $0+36p$ jet with primary energy about 2500 Bev and a $4+29\ensuremath{\alpha}$ jet with primary energy about 8000 Bev/nucleon, are presented. It is shown that the main features of the angular distribution of particles from these two primary jets and a third energetic secondary jet can be explained satisfactorily by the model in which mesons created in a nucleon-nucleon collision are considered to be radiated isotropically from two centers. Further implications of this model are discussed; in particular it is shown that definite restrictions are imposed on the values of energy and angle of emission of secondary particles; the average transverse momentum is predicted to be relatively constant but to have a lower value not only in the forward and backward directions but also around 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the center-of-mass system of the two colliding nucleons. While it is shown that the available experimental data are in accord with these predictions, more events with energies in the region of 1000 Bev must be studied before a definite conclusion can be reached.

Knowing the value of the surface energy of powder materials allows to predict the interaction of the solid phase with liquids, the formation of stable dispersions, durable and resistant to aggressive factors of composites. The application of the Owens-Wendt model for determining the change in the surface energy of aluminium oxide modified by various water repellents is considered. Also, to determine the contact angle of the surface of the modified material, the Washburn method is used, which consists in determining the rate of capillary rise of the test fluid. This method is chosen due to low requirements in the accuracy of measuring equipment and at the same time shows a high degree of accuracy of the results.The object of research is a method for determining the surface energy of powder materials, using aluminium oxide modified with polymethylhydrosiloxane as an example. Surface modifications of the aluminium oxide powder are carried out in a xylene suspension.In the work, the determination of surface energy is carried out in accordance with the Owens-Wendt theory by the graphical method in accordance with the obtained values of the contact angle of the material according to the Washburn method. It is established the shape of the particles of aluminium oxide and their average size, and also calculated the specific surface of the material. A modifier, polymethylhydrosiloxane, is found, with the help of which it is possible to obtain a stable superhydrophobic state, and the optimal concentration by determining the contact angles of the powder material with test liquids according to the method proposed by Washburn.To increase the accuracy of determining the surface energy of the material according to the Washburn method, a mixture of water with ethanol is used, and the components of surface tension are calculated. It is shown that the values of the contact angle of the surface of the dispersed material obtained using a mixture as a test liquid can be used to calculate the values of the components of the surface energy of aluminium oxide. In this case, there is a lack of error in the form of the Cassie state, which is observed for hydrophobic dispersed materials when using water as a test fluid.

This preliminary study aims to determine the daily profile of the power output generated from solar panels, with variations in the house’s roof angles of 15º, 0º, 15º. Tilt angle investigation expects to discover the impact of placing solar panels on the slope of the tile used on the house’s roof. The collecting data of this study was investigated the data of current and voltage every hour that produced by solar panel. Besides, this study also comparing the result of total energy output value for daily profile of solar panel during ten hour per day (start from 7 am to 5 pm). The results show that solar panels with an angle of -15º at 07:00 – 10:00 WIB have higher output voltage and current than other angle variations. At a tilt angle of 0º, the output voltage and current of the solar panel are higher at 11:00-14:00 WIB, while at a tilt angle of 15º in the afternoon. Based on observations, each solar panel with exposure for 10 hours obtained the total energy value for polycrystalline solar panels with a tilt angle of -15º of 258.44 Wh, solar panels with an angle of 0º obtained an energy value of 263.64 Wh, and a tilt angle of 15º obtained energy values 260.69 Wh. The photonic energy emitted for 10 hours is 2097.47 Wh. The energy efficiency value for each polycrystalline solar panel is 12.32% for the angle of -15º, the angle of 0º is 12.57%, and 12.43% for the angle of 15º. In conclusion, variations in the angle of the solar panels have significant effect on the voltage, current, and energy generated from polycrystalline solar panels in every hour. However, based on the data result the total energy exposure and the efficiency value for each variation angle has no significant different. Pyramid-shaped house roof construction has the advantage of increasing the value of the cross-sectional area of the tile, which has the opportunity to install wider-sized solar panels so that a greater value of electrical energy is obtained.

Track etch parameters in CR-39 detectors for proton and alpha particles of different energies

In this research, we study bienergy and biangles of moving particles lying on the surface of Lorentzian 3-space by using their energy and angle values. We present the geometrical characterization of bienergy of the particle in Darboux vector fields depending on surface. We also give the relationship between bienergy of the surface curve and bienergy of the elastic surface curve. We conclude the paper by providing bienergy-curve graphics for different cases.

In this study, we research bienergy and biangles of moving particles lying in the surface of Euclidean space by using their energy and angle values. We present a geometrical understanding of a bienergy of a particle in Darboux vector fields depending on surface. We also give a relation between bienergy of the curve corresponding to a moving particle in space and bienergy of the elastica assuming the curve that has the elastic feature. We conclude our results by providing an bienergy-curve graphics for different cases.

BackgroundA surface thermodynamics approach can be utilized to understand protein interaction during adsorption chromatography. Ceramic hydroxyapatite has been widely used in the purification of biomolecules during downstream bio‐processing. Protein interaction with this adsorbent is a complicated process.ResultsIn this work, interaction between model proteins and an adsorbent (ceramic hydroxyapatite Type I) was studied via extended DLVO (Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey and Overbeek) theory. The surface energy parameters of proteins and adsorbent were determined from experimental contact angle and zeta potential values. In ceramic hydroxyapatite chromatography, protein adsorption takes place under mixed mode conditions i.e. cationic exchange and calcium chelation. The sample is loaded in low salt and eluted at increasing phosphate gradient. The XDLVO approach calculated the free energy of interaction as a function of distance, between the interacting surfaces under de‐binding conditions. The calculated interaction energy of the model proteins with CHT were correlated with the actual elution behavior. This revealed that all the proteins show minimum binding energies, i.e. |0.005| ± 0.002 kT under the observed conditions. These energy values are considered to be a cutoff between retaining and non‐retaining conditions. Higher energy values will explain binding and lower energies will explain elution (binding > |0.005| kT > elution).ConclusionKnowledge generated from these studies will assist understanding of adsorption of proteins to the process supports which could facilitate better bioprocess design and optimization. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry