A Magnetite–Water-Based Nanofluid Three-Dimensional Thin Film Flow on an Inclined Rotating Surface with Non-Linear Thermal Radiations and Couple Stress Effects

Asad Ullah,Abdul Ghafoor,Ikramullah Ikramullah,Muhammad Ayaz,Nabil Mlaiki,Mahmoud M Selim,Thabet Abdeljawad

doi:10.3390/en14175531

Abstract

This study is related to the heat energy transfer during 3D nanofluid (water-based) motion over a rotating surface by incorporating the combined impacts of thermal radiations and couple stress. The flow is modeled by a set of non-linear coupled PDEs, which is converted to a set of coupled non-linear ODEs by using suitable similarity transformations. The transformed equations are solved with the built-in NDSolve command. The effects of relevant interesting parameters on the nanofluid velocity components and temperature distribution are explained through various graphs. It is found that the velocity component f(η) is increased with higher values of γ and A0 while it drops with an increasing rotation parameter and nanoparticle volume fraction. The fluid temperature increases with higher αnf, Rd, ϵ2, ϵ3, A1 and drops with increasing Pr, ϵ1 and couple stress parameter (A0). The Nusselt number remains constant at a fixed Pr and Rd, whereas it increases with increasing Pr and is reduced with rising Rd. A comparison between the achieved results is carried out with the analytical results through different tables. An excellent agreement is observed between these results.

Highlights

Nanofluid is a mixture obtained by mixing nanoparticles with ordinary heat energy transfer fluids such as oil, glycol, water, ethylene glycol, etc
The HAM and the numerical calculations are in excellent agreement and the absolute error is very small in this case
We have studied the impacts produced by various physical parameters of interest on the temperature profile and the velocity components

Summary

Introduction

Nanofluid is a mixture obtained by mixing nanoparticles with ordinary heat energy transfer fluids such as oil, glycol, water, ethylene glycol, etc. Nanoparticles can be made from metals such as Al, Cu, Au, and Ag, metal oxides such as Fe3O4, CuO, TiO2, and Al2O3, nitrides such as SiN and AlN, and carbides such as SiC, etc. These nanometer-sized particles can be added in a minute amount to augment the heat energy transfer rate due to their tremendous thermal conductivities [2,3]. Due to nanometer-sized geometry, the nanoparticles can mix with the base fluid [4]. A study was performed by Vajravelu and Mukhopadhayay [8] on a single-phase model

Results

Discussion

Conclusion