Abstract
This paper presents a 3-stage ring voltage-controlled oscillator (RVCO), designed for active Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) transponders. High frequency local oscillators designed for battery-powered transponders are always crucial concerns for chip designers, as those oscillators consume considerable amount of power. Thus, the primary goal of this research work is to design a low power VCO at 2.45 GHz in the ISM band. In addition, in order to reduce overall oscillator size, ring based architecture has been adopted with easy integration technique. For varying the oscillating frequency from 2.2 GHz to 2.85 GHz, PMOS transistors with fixed value capacitors are utilized. Providing 1.8 V supply, the oscillator dissipates 6.99 mW of power and exhibits phase noise of -112 dBc/Hz at 10 MHz offset. The proposed RVCO is designed in CEDEC 0.18 µm standard CMOS process using Mentor Graphics environment. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.19.8.2524
Highlights
The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system is among several recent technological inventions, which is used widely in applications such as supply chain, public transportation and biomedical industry
The proposed delay stage circuit has been verified by using the Eldo RF simulator of Mentor Graphics and the process parameters for the transistors used in this work correspond to Collaborative Micro-electronic Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC) 0.18 μm standard CMOS process
Provided in [4], the figure of merit (FOM) of the proposed ring voltagecontrolled oscillator (RVCO) can be calculated from the power dissipation and the phase noise of the simulated oscillation frequency as FOM dB = L (∆ω ) + 10 log( pow erDC 1mW ) −
Summary
The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system is among several recent technological inventions, which is used widely in applications such as supply chain, public transportation and biomedical industry. In this PLL-based local oscillator, voltage controlledoscillator (VCO) is known as the most power hungry module. In both wired and wireless communication systems, LCtype and ring-type of CMOS VCOs are widely used [3] These VCOs performances are typically analyzed by low phase noise, low power dissipation, low voltage operation, high-speed oscillation, multi-phase application, supply sensitivity reduction, simplified integration method, small layout area and wide tuning range.
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