Abstract
Several ideas have been developed to seal off vacuum systems. Two of the most common methods are the pinching off of annealed metal tubing with or without the use of solder, and the installation of a complete valve. Both types of tubing seals require a new piece of tubing soldered or welded into the system each time it is evacuated; the requirements of an external force and an external source of heat present disadvantages in some applications. Additional disadvantages are that the vacuum space is exposed to the atmosphere and that loss of residual vacuum results during the replacement of the seal-off tubing. A complete valve is objectionable because it is often an awkward protuberance on a small piece of apparatus.
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