Abstract
This paper presents a Data-gathering, Dynamic Duty-cycling (D3) protocol for wireless sensor networks. With a proposed duty-cycling MAC of high energy efficiency in D3, a routing scheme is naturally embedded to reduce protocol overhead. A packet can be forwarded in a pipelined fashion by staggering the sleep-wakeup schedules between two communicating nodes, which can significantly reduce end-to-end delay to meet real-time transmission requirements. To construct and maintain schedules, a grade and schedule establishment mechanism with a lightweight schedule error correction scheme is designed. In addition, based on the intrinsic characteristics of the network, an adaptive schedule maintenance scheme is proposed to dynamically adjust the node duty cycle to the network traffic load. The results based on the extensive OPNET simulations show that D3 can largely improve packet delivery ratio, energy efficiency and throughput, and reduce packet delivery latency.
Highlights
Different applications of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have different topology requirements and communication paradigms, and require different network design approaches [1]
It is crucial for WSNs to utilize energy efficiently because of the limited capacity of the battery equipped by sensors
D3 proposed in this paper has a dynamic duty-cycling feature to achieve high energy efficiency by adaptively adjusting node duty cycle to the network traffic load, and combines MAC and routing schemes together to reduce protocol overhead and traffic congestion
Summary
Different applications of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have different topology requirements and communication paradigms, and require different network design approaches [1]. One of their significant applications is long-term sustainable monitoring, such as natural environment [2] and structure-monitoring [3,4], industrial process monitoring [5], etc. A series of MAC protocols were proposed [6,7,8,9,10,11] to adopt the duty-cycling mechanism for energy conservation Using this mechanism, sensor nodes alternately wake up and sleep based on their schedules. The energy efficiency of a WSN can be improved by reducing the two of the most principal sources of energy wastage in WSNs, i.e., idle listening [12] and overhearing [13]
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