Abstract
The express growth of additive manufacturing, as well as progress in shape-memory materials, has fuelled the advancement of four-dimensional (4D) printing. 4D printing is described as smart materials printing that react to external stimuli. 4D printing allows the formation of vigorously controllable shapes via time dimension incorporation. 4D printing is feasible with the current advancements in smart materials, printers, and its mechanisms. 4D printing is a future technology with an immense capacity for generating complex, stimuli-responsive structures. The 4D printing technology is explored for tissue, medical technology, aerospace, consumer products and organ engineering applications. The present review mainly concentrated on the commencement of 4D printing, external stimuli response, applications, future opportunities, and conclusions.
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