A Comprehensive Review of Malaria Control Strategies in Africa: Historical Perspectives, Policy Frameworks, Innovations, and Future Directions

Abstract

Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in Africa, affecting children under five and pregnant women. Historically, malaria has impacted Africa from ancient Egyptian times to the colonial era, with early control efforts often thwarted by limited resources and political instability. Today, Africa accounts for approximately 94% of global malaria cases and deaths, primarily affecting children under five and pregnant women. Despite progress in some regions, challenges such as financial constraints, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and the need for robust community engagement persist. This review evaluates the role of African governments and regional bodies in malaria control, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive policy frameworks, effective governance, and well-structured National Malaria Control Programs. Innovative strategies and technologies, such as malaria vaccines, genetically modified mosquitoes, and digital tools, offer new avenues for malaria control. However, challenges in implementation, funding, and acceptance need addressing. Strengthening healthcare infrastructure, capacity building, community health workers, and public awareness campaigns are crucial for malaria control. Ongoing research and development are essential for advancing malaria control efforts, and indigenous knowledge and local innovations should complement modern approaches for culturally sensitive interventions. In conclusion, achieving a malaria-free Africa demands a multifaceted approach involving historical insights, innovative strategies, strengthened healthcare systems, community engagement, sustainable funding, and continuous research. The collective efforts of governments, international partners, researchers, and communities are pivotal in overcoming malaria and securing a healthier future for millions across the continent. Keywords: Malaria, Africa: Historical Perspectives, Policy Frameworks, Innovations, Future Directions