Abstract
Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (SNPs) have great potential for biomedical applications, due to their distinctive optical, chemical, and catalytic properties. In this study, we aimed to develop green-synthesized SNPs from extracts of Cudrania tricuspidata (CT) roots (CTR), stems (CTS), leaves (CTL), and fruit (CTF) and to evaluate their physicochemical, photocatalytic, and biological properties. CTR, CTS, CTL, and CTF extracts were evaluated and compared for their total phenol and flavonoid content, reducing capacity, and antioxidant activity. The results revealed that CTR, CTS, CTL, and CTF extracts have high phenol and flavonoid content, as well as a powerful antioxidant and reducing capacity. CTR and CTS extracts showed the strongest effects. The results from UV-Vis spectra analysis, dynamic light scattering, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed the successful formation of CT-SNPs with surface morphology, crystallinity, reduction capacity, capsulation, and stabilization. Synthesized CT-SNPs successfully photocatalyzed methylene blue, methyl orange, rhodamine B, and Reactive Black 5 within 20 min. The CTR- and CTS-SNPs showed better antibacterial properties against different pathogenic microbes (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enteritidis) than the CTL- and CTF-SNPs. CTS- and CTR-SNPs showed the most effective cytotoxicity and antiapoptosis properties in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2 and SK-Hep-1). CT-SNPs also seemed to be more biologically active than the CT extracts. The results of this study provide evidence of the establishment of CT extract SNPs and their physicochemical, photocatalytic, and biological properties.
Highlights
Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) are noteworthy owing to their extensive applications in cosmetics, biomedical, food, and health industries, fungicidal agents, and water-based systems
silver nanoparticles (SNPs) were synthesized using an eco-friendly protocol of extracts from the roots, stems, leaves, and fruit of Cudrania tricuspidata (CT) for as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents for biomedical purposes
The photocatalytic activity in the CT roots (CTR), CTS, CTL, and CTF-SNPs during the organic azo dye degradation can be accredited to methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), rhodamine B (RB), and Reactive Black 5 (RB5), respectively
Summary
Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) are noteworthy owing to their extensive applications in cosmetics, biomedical, food, and health industries, fungicidal agents, and water-based systems. This may be due to their unique conductivity, optical catalytic activity, biocompatible nature, and better structural properties than their bulk counterparts [1,2,3]. SNP-mediated biogenic sources that are chosen to substitute toxic chemical methods have shown significant potential in reducing polluting reaction by-products. Most medicinal plant parts, such as roots, stems, leaves, and fruits are used as a medium for the green synthesis of SNPs. Notably, the medicinal plants used were known for their phytochemical characteristics, such as reducing capacity, stabilization, and capping biogenic sources. The major phytochemicals of medicinal plants that affect the reducing capacity, stabilization, and capping of the SNPs are phenolics, flavones, terpenoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, proteins, and alcoholic compounds [11,12,13]
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