A Characterization of Cold Pools in the West African Sahel

M. Provod,C. E. Birch,J. H. Marsham,D. J. Parker

doi:10.1175/mwr-d-15-0023.1

Abstract

Cold pools are integral components of squall-line mesoscale convective systems and the West African monsoon, but are poorly represented in operational global models. Observations of 38 cold pools made at Niamey, Niger, during the 2006 African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) campaign (1 June–30 September 2006), are used to generate a seasonal characterization of cold pool properties by quantifying related changes in surface meteorological variables. Cold pools were associated with temperature decreases of 2°–14°C, pressure increases of 0–8 hPa, and wind gusts of 3–22 m s−1. Comparison with published values of similar variables from the U.S. Great Plains showed comparable differences. The leading part of most cold pools had decreased water vapor mixing ratios compared to the environment, with moister air, likely related to precipitation, approximately 30 min behind the gust front. A novel diagnostic used to quantify how consistent observed cold pool temperatures are with saturated or unsaturated descent from midlevels [fractional evaporational energy deficit (FEED)] shows that early season cold pools are consistent with less saturated descents. Early season cold pools were relatively colder, windier, and wetter, consistent with drier midlevels, although this was only statistically significant for the change in moisture. Late season cold pools tended to decrease equivalent potential temperature from the pre–cold pool value, whereas earlier in the season changes were smaller, with more increases. The role of cold pools may therefore change through the season, with early season cold pools more able to feed subsequent convection.

Highlights

Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) form an integral part of the West African monsoon (Flamant et al 2007; Marsham et al 2013a) and account for more than 80% of the annual rainfall in most of the Sahel (MathonDenotes Open Access content.et al 2002; Dhonneur 1973)
Cold pools produced by MCSs are important for a number of reasons: they are a key mechanism for maintenance of the MCSs, and for secondary initiation of new cumulonimbus systems; they transport substantial amounts of cold air northward, cooling and moistening the Saharan heat low by advection (Marsham et al 2013a; Garcia-Carreras et al 2013); they are responsible for around 50% of summertime dust uplift in the Sahel and Sahara (Marsham et al 2008, 2011b; Heinold et al 2013; Marsham et al 2013b); Corresponding author address: M
This paper studies observed properties of West African cold pools produced by organized MCSs, mostly squall lines, and compares them to results obtained in Oklahoma by ESC08

Summary

Introduction

Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) form an integral part of the West African monsoon (Flamant et al 2007; Marsham et al 2013a) and account for more than 80% of the annual rainfall in most of the Sahel (MathonDenotes Open Access content.et al 2002; Dhonneur 1973). The cold pool quantities studied by ESC08 were decreases in potential and equivalent potential temperature, pressure rises, changes in wind direction, and maximum wind gusts.

Results

Conclusion