Abstract
A surge in unconventional production over the last decade indicates a shift in oil production from accessible reserves to those that are less accessible. One prime example is the Alberta oil sands, home to the third largest proven oil reserve in the world and the largest provider of oil to the United States. With the current technologies, large amounts of water are required to extract the oil, which creates a significant demand for water in the region and sets up a natural competition between advancing the region's economy and protecting and conserving its limited source of fresh water. Energy is required to produce the oil including the treating and transporting of water. Increased production rates continue to drive the consumption of both water and energy. Moreover, higher energy consumption yields an increase in greenhouse gas emissions released into the atmosphere, which could potentially affect fresh water supply through climate changes.
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