9 - Bioceramic coating for tissue engineering applications

Abstract

Tissue engineering is a therapeutic idea that seeks to repair or restore spoiled or lost tissues. It employs a new technique to replace the lost organ through the use of an implant. Only three categories of metals and alloys are now deemed appropriate for use as hard tissue substitutes, particularly for dental and orthopedic implants: Co–Cr alloys, Ti, and 316L SS (stainless steel). However, these materials have great mechanical qualities, ductility, and strength; their biofunction (changing the surface of a medical device to increase its usefulness), resistivity to wear as well as corrosion properties, and biocompatibility are relatively low. It has also been proven that several metallic ions (Cr, Co, Ni, V) when exposed to corrosion change their biocompatibility and suppress immune response as measured by cell proliferation. Tissue engineering, on the other hand, is based on biodegradable and/or bioresorbable materials, and a significant amount of research has been conducted for this relatively young field, but it requires more effort for maturity and expansion. It is generally understood that the osseointegration of dental or orthopedic implants is primarily dependent upon the implant–osteoblasts interface that synthesizes the bone, with a solid "implant surface-surrounding tissue" link being a key need for long-term achievement. However, when a biomaterial is implanted into a live system, a variety of events might occur at the interface. The proteins react to the implant surface at first, forming a thin coating of protein on the surface in a matter of seconds. Because cells respond to proteins, the ensuing bioreaction is governed by the protein film. After then, the cells grow and arrange into a variety of complex issues. As a result, protein adsorption performs a critical role in determining the nature of the tissue-interfacing implant. The osseointegration of orthopedic or dental implants requires the stimulation of fast cell proliferation for bone bonding. This may be accomplished by applying bioactive coatings to the substrate, which increases the bone-bonding rate. One of the most interesting areas in biomaterials is the enhancement of biocompatibility using both bioinert and bioactive functionalization coatings placed on metallic substrates.