Abstract
Over the past few decades, carbon nanomaterials, including carbon nanofibers, nanocrystalline diamonds, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanodots, and graphene and its derivatives, have gained the attention of bioengineers and medical researchers as they possess extraordinary physicochemical, mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Recently, surface functionalization with carbon nanomaterials in dental and orthopedic implants has emerged as a novel strategy for reinforcement and as a bioactive cue due to their potential for osseointegration. Numerous developments in fabrication and biological studies of carbon nanostructures have provided various novel opportunities to expand their application to hard tissue regeneration and restoration. In this minireview, the recent research trends in surface functionalization of orthopedic and dental implants with coating carbon nanomaterials are summarized. In addition, some seminal methodologies for physicomechanical and electrochemical coatings are discussed. In conclusion, it is shown that further development of surface functionalization with carbon nanomaterials may provide innovative results with clinical potential for improved osseointegration after implantation.
Highlights
To date, metal-based dental and orthopedic implant materials, including titanium (Ti), stainless steel, and cobalt–chromium (CoCr), have been widely used because of their suitable properties, such as high mechanical strength, light-weight chemical stability, and nonimmunogenic property
The discovery andmechanical emergence of Carbon Facca nanomaterials (CNMs) properties have impacted many aspects is a limited number of reports exploring in vivo responses of HAp-carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-coated implants, nology and have contributed to significant developments in physics, electronics, optics, this study focused on the in vivo response of implants embedded in rats and mice
These results suggest that Electrophoresis deposition (EPD) represents a powerful method for deposition of graphene oxide (GO)/chitosan/HAp composite coatings on Ti implants, and this coating may be applied in the field of dental implants
Summary
Metal-based dental and orthopedic implant materials, including titanium (Ti), stainless steel, and cobalt–chromium (CoCr), have been widely used because of their suitable properties, such as high mechanical strength, light-weight chemical stability, and nonimmunogenic property. The main idea of physicomechanical modification is to induce the physical adsorption of CNMs on implant surfaces by plasma spraying, gas or vapor radiation, solution. Various CNMs, such as graphene, CNTs, ND, carbon nanofibers (CNFs), fullerene, and carbon nanodots (CNDs), have been considered to possess excellent potential for surface functionalization materials of implants due to their osteogenesisinducing property and mechanical reinforcement property. Surface modification is conducted by various types of physicochemical coating techniques, such as plasma spray, physical adsorption, dip coating, spin coating, electrophoretic deposition, electrochemical deposition, chemical vapor deposition, and various other novel techniques. This review concentrates on osteogenesis/osseointegration-inducing properties and antibacterial effects achieved from CNM-based coatings on orthopedic and dental implants. A comprehensive evaluation of surface coating methods and improved biofunctionalities is provided along with their pros and cons (Table 1)
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