Abstract
This chapter focuses on the measurement of the classroom level. It describes the problems with classroom observation instruments/systems used in the research on effective teaching and presents some solutions to those limitations. The chapter also describes the kinds of classroom observation instruments that have been used in recent studies on effective schools, citing both their strengths and limitations. It presents the challenges related to the development of classroom observation instruments for an international study of school effects that includes classroom processes in the design. It proposes a classroom observation system based on both the effective teaching and effective schools research. The instrument attends to these challenges involved in conducting observations in an international school effectiveness study. The chapter discusses the problems that are involved in developing observational instruments appropriate for internationally comparative studies, where there are very large variations by context in the meaning attributable to behavior and in the simple practical problems of translating and back translating items.
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