Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease are at significantly higher risk than their peers without chronic kidney disease and the risk increases as kidney function deteriorates. The link between kidney disease and cardiovascular disease is multifactorial and is due to both direct risk factors (those that are caused by kidney disease and lead to cardiovascular disease, such as higher blood pressure) and indirect risk factors (those that cause both kidney and cardiovascular diseases, such as diabetes). Although the causal factors are not all known, this excess risk can be reduced by lowering blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol. However, the cardiovascular safety and efficacy of other common intervention (e.g., reducing serum phosphate) are uncertain and more randomized trials are required to identify safe and effective treatments to reduce this substantial risk.
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