Abstract
This chapter presents the most common techniques used to characterize lignin without depolymerization. These are used to identify the lignin being investigated as well as to evaluate the impact of modifications to lignin and lignin-containing products. A brief discussion of lignin chemistry is included. Understanding the chemical structure can be accomplished using a variety of techniques including ultraviolet spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis are often employed during the study of thermal properties, while dynamic mechanical analysis can be used to investigate both thermal and mechanical properties. In each section, a brief introduction to each technique is followed by examples of its application to lignin.
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