Abstract
The equilibrium properties of colloids and interfaces can be interpreted based on elements of reversible thermodynamics. The force fields involved include those of chemical, electrical, hydrodynamic, and gravitational nature. Thermal energy, leading to Brownian motion, is essential for the existence of stable colloidal dispersions. It is related to the frequent stochastic encounters between the colloidal particle and the molecules of the medium in which it is dispersed. The thermal energies of medium molecules and dispersed particles—for example, the kinetically most elementary components of the system, obey the principle of dynamic equipartition. Particles dispersed in electrolyte generally carry electric charge and are surrounded by a more or less diffuse cloud of countercharge in the solvent. In such a real dispersion, several typical dimensions, such as the particle radius, the average distance between individual particles, and the double layer thickness can be recognized.
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