Abstract
The eye is a direct extension of the brain, moves like a joint, and is protected from the outer world by modified skin. Visual symptoms can originate anywhere from the cornea to the cortex. Like neurology, a good understanding of all aspects of the anatomy of the visual system is important for localizing the site of symptoms. The internal eye is uniquely amenable to imaging and few patients leave an eye clinic without being imaged. Where symptoms remain unexplained then visual electrophysiology is very helpful. Systemic investigation benefits from a good understanding of many medical sub-specialties, particularly neurology, stroke medicine, rheumatology and endocrinology. Ophthalmology has seen a revolution in care with previously untreatable conditions, such as age-related macular degeneration and macular oedema, now amenable to treatment with drugs injected directly into the eye. Systemic therapy, predominantly immunosuppression for inflammatory disorders, remains an important tool of the ophthalmic physician.
Published Version
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