Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is found in chromosomes that are very complex structures in the nucleus of insect cells. Each chromosome contains a single linear DNA molecule combined with a variety of proteins, including histones. DNA and histones form structures called nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are arranged in a higher level of organization that serves to condense DNA. Chromosomes contain single-copy DNA (DNA present only once in the genome that codes for a polypeptide), highly repetitive DNA, moderately repetitive DNA, intergenic regions, centromeres, and telomeres. Intergenic regions may contain transcription and regulatory information, but a large amount of this region is of unknown function. Many types of transposable elements have been identified in both the coding and the noncoding regions of arthropod chromosomes. Transposable elements are DNA sequences capable of moving within and among chromosomes. Transposable elements or their defective derivatives make up a significant portion of the middle-repetitive DNA in insect chromosomes. Arthropods contain chromosomal DNA in mitochondria that are located in the cytoplasm of ae cell. Mitochondria are considered remnants of a microbial endosymbiont.
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