Abstract
Background: Checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) immunotherapy demonstrates modest efficacy against immunologically ‘cold’ or immune-excluded tumors, therefore needs another approach for majority of patients. Although interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a promising antitumor cytokine that enables activation and recruitment of immune cells into tumors, its widespread use in the clinic has been hindered due to severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs). An ideal IL-12 therapy would restrict the proinflammatory effects of IL-12 to the tumor site, while limiting its exposure in the periphery.
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