Abstract
The chapter discussed the role of surfaces and interfaces induced by the heterostructure on the gas sensing, luminescence, photovoltaic solar cells, antimicrobial activity, and environmental remediation properties. These interfaces demonstrated characteristics that are not comparable to the pristine or pure semiconductor metal oxide nanomaterials, and they can be realised as building blocks that permit the establishment of nanomaterials without being comparable to bulk analogs. It has further indicated the significance of a heterojunction in promoting an adequate amount of oxygen adsorption onto the interfacial region, which led to improved gas-sensing properties. Additionally, elementary principles of nanostructuring, surface, and interface engineering to enhance the catalytic activity of heterogeneous catalysts, and properties of solar cells, luminescence, antimicrobial activity, and environmental remediation, etc. were highlighted. It further sheds some light on the different techniques currently utilized to understand the fundamental characteristics of the semiconductor metal oxide heterostructures. As a result, the need for the development of more in situ and operando techniques is desired.
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