Abstract
This article reviews the chemistry, toxicokinetics, and biological activities of natural nephrotoxins found in certain herbs used for medicinal purposes and in fungi associated with not only various foodstuffs but also water or beverages, inhalation of air contaminants, or dermal contact. Aristolochic acid, a human carcinogen, is notable for its selective toxicity to the renal proximal tubule. Ochratoxin, fumonisin B1, and citrinin are mycotoxins produced by molds that infest agricultural products, while orellanine is a proximal tubule nephrotoxin found in certain species of mushroom.
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