Abstract
Biofuels have emerged as a promising alternative to existing fossil fuels owing to similar energy and combustion properties with a low carbon footprint. Due to its wide availability and cost-effectiveness, Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising raw feedstock for biofuel production. Still, enormous intrinsic barriers are associated with its bioconversion and downstream processing. Nanotechnology is a rapidly emerging field of multidisciplinary research that is given a choice to overcome such obstacles by accommodating nanobiocatalytic systems with long-term stability and low input cost. Earlier studies reported that organic and inorganic nanoscale materials could improve the biotransformation of lignocellulose due to their specific structural and physicochemical properties. The application of nanotechnology is advantageous for producing biofuel regarding social, economic, and environmental sustainability. This chapter reviews nanotechnology's current and significant applications in bioethanol, biodiesel, and biohydrogen production. Furthermore, the developing advanced technologies dealing with nanomaterial applications, particularly in preprocessing raw biomass to other stages like hydrolysis, fermentation, transesterification, gasification, and detection, have been critically reviewed.
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