Abstract
Geographic information systems (GIS) are introduced into various applications of information and telecommunication technologies (ICT) and infrastructures. Along with the convergence of communication technologies such as Bluetooth, NFC, Internet, and GPS and information technologies such as clouding service and computing powers, the applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) are adopted and applied to various industries quickly and variously. As a result of the convergence and progress of this ICT, many data are generated, collected, and delivered from multiple sources. Artificial intelligence (AI), including data science for big data processing and machine learning that analyzes and applies data, has become an essential element for intermodal transportation. For example, the automatic identification system, which provides the location and direction of marine vessels and the characteristics of ships, has become crucial data for port management and vessel productivity management, as well as operational safety.
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