Abstract
A brief history of the technical development of immobilization strategies for high-level nuclear wastes (HLWs) is given. The desirable performance characteristics of the waste-immobilizing matrices (waste forms) are outlined. The pros and cons of different classes of waste forms, as well as used fuel itself, are discussed, together with common production methods. While borosilicate glass is the reference waste form to deal with the majority of HLW, ceramic and glass–ceramic waste forms offer performance and economic benefits for the immobilization of HLWs that are difficult to incorporate in borosilicate glass. It is suggested that a quantitative risk-based definition of radioactive wastes is developed together with objective waste form performance standards for waste acceptance criteria which should include radionuclide release. More consideration should be given to the development of engineered waste forms for used nuclear fuel.
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