Abstract
A brief history of the technical development of immobilisation strategies for high-level nuclear wastes (HLWs) is given. The desirable performance characteristics of the waste-immobilising matrices (waste forms) are outlined. The pros and cons of different classes of waste forms, as well as spent fuel itself, are discussed, together with common production methods. While borosilicate glass is the baseline waste form to deal with the majority of HLW, ceramic and glass-ceramic waste forms can offer performance and economic benefits for the immobilisation of HLWs that are difficult to incorporate in borosilicate glass, due to limited solid solubility of HLW ions or the presence of volatile species.
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