Abstract
The principles of the various clinical electrophysiologic tests and their value in clinical scenarios with several representative cases are described. The meaning and interpretation of full-field electroretinogram (ERG) responses with different stimulus intensities under scotopic and photopic conditions are important to understand retinal physiology and to interpret the ERG. The mixed rod–cone ERG and its five types of waveforms classified as normal, selectively abnormal oscillatory potentials, subnormal, negative, and extinct, are highly informative. Isolation of rod and cone components, and evaluation of the response from second-order neurons provides additional information. The focal macular ERG is critical for some diseases featuring localized retinal dysfunction with few other physical clinical manifestations. Other special electrophysiologic responses and techniques such as photopic negative response, ERG recording using light-emitting diodes (LED), and S-cone ERG are also described. In addition, principles of the electro-oculogram (EOG) and visual evoked potentials (VEP), as wells as clinical efficacy of the combined focal ERG and focal VEP technique are also described.
Published Version
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