Abstract
The thermodynamic fundamentals of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) are described and the environmental, health and safety benefits of using supercritical fluids are explored. Several hundred industrial-scale SFE plants are in operation worldwide for extraction of plant materials, such as hop constituents, decaffeination of tea and coffee, and separation of lecithin from oil, all high-pressure processes. Smaller industrial units are used for extraction of spices in the food industry and for natural substances used in cosmetics. The design of such an extraction plant is described. The unique thermodynamic and fluid dynamic properties of dense gases are also applied in integrated extractions and in in situ formulations, such as impregnation of solid particles, formation of solid powder emulsions, and particle coatings.
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