Abstract
The scarcity of clean water and the rise of environmental pollution generated by urban and industrial development have highlighted a demand for sustainable approaches to wastewater treatment for reusing effluent. Municipal wastewaters are rich in organic and inorganic substances besides some toxic contaminants such as heavy metals, microplastics, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. Effective treatment approaches for municipal wastewater will be beneficial in reducing nutrient overload and eliminating or neutralizing other hazardous compounds to avoid further hazardous impacts that may threaten the environment and public health. Nutrients recovered from these wastewaters could be used in fertilization or irrigation of fields besides in biosynthesis of many valuable products, for example, antioxidants, enzymes, fatty acids, and proteins. The remaining biosolids from processed wastewater also contain organic matter residue that can be used as a soil amelioration agent to improve its biological and physicochemical properties rather than dumping them into aquatic bodies. Even if the nutrient concentration is located below the permitted limit, it still represents a good opportunity for eutrophication occurrence. Nutrient recovery from municipal wastewater is a hallmark of microalgae in wastewater treatment. Therefore the mechanisms of nutrient recovery and pollutant removal by microalgae will be well clarified in this chapter.
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