Abstract
This chapter reviews some of the foundational topics in materials science and engineering in order to develop a better understanding of manufacturing processes. It presents some examples of innovations in materials and processes. These examples highlight how premeditated design, based on the scientific methods, has led to technical innovations. Innovative materials and processes to produce them enable technologies. Materials that are multifunctional, smart, and possess physical and engineering properties superior to the existing materials are constantly needed for continued technical advances in a variety of fields. The development, processing, and characterization of new materials are aided by novel approaches to materials design and synthesis that are based on a fundamental and unified understanding of the processing-structure-properties-performance relationships for a wide range of materials. The chapter discusses atomic bonding in materials. The origin of the physical and mechanical behaviors of materials can be traced to the interatomic forces in solids. The two fundamental forces between atoms are the attractive forces due to the specific type of chemical bonding in a particular solid, and the repulsive forces due to overlapping of the outer electron shells of neighboring atoms.
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