Abstract
Use of ready-made organic and inorganic marine skeletons is one of the simplest potential remedies to major problems hindering the future development of regenerative orthopedics such as providing a richness of framework designs and now a potentially rich, accessible source of scaffolds and osteopromotive analogues and biomineralization proteins. It has already been shown that coral and marine sponge skeletons can support self-sustaining musculoskeletal tissues and that extracts of spongin collagen and nacre seashell organic matrices promote bone mineralization. This should not be surprising given that the pivotal biomineralization proteins, which orchestrate bone morphogenesis, are also found in the earliest calcifying marine organisms.
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