ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ОСВІТНЬОГО ПРОЦЕСУ У СПЕЦІАЛЬНИХ ЗАКЛАДАХ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ НАДДНІПРЯНСЬКОЇ УКРАЇНИ НА МЕЖІ ХІХ‒ХХ СТОЛІТЬ

Abstract

The article is devoted to the characterization of the specifics of the work of special institutions of higher education of Dnieper Ukraine on the edge of XIX ‒ XX centuries. In the process of scientific research, it has been established that the network of institutions of higher education of Dnieper Ukraine on the edge of XIX ‒ XX centuries was represented by three universities (Kharkiv, Kiev, Novorossiysk universities) and several institutes of special education subordinated to various departments of the Russian Empire, such as: Kharkiv Veterinary (1873), Nijensky History and Philology (1875), Kharkiv Technological (1885), Kiev Polytechnic (1898) universities. Features of the organizational and administrative structure and educational process of the mentioned types of institutions of higher education during the studied period were revealed on the basis of comparative and correlative analysis of scientific literature, archival sources. It has been established that, in contrast to universities, special institutions of higher education were guided in their work by separate statutes and regulations, which became more uniform at the beginning of the XX th century. This led to certain differences in the structure (lack of faculties, introduction of separation into departments), the definition of the composition and functions of governing bodies of higher education institutions (director, council or conference, board), formation of professorial teaching staff (professors, associate professors, private associate professors, adjuncts, graduates of secondary education institutions), awarding degrees (exclusively master's degree in veterinary studies), etc.  A number of peculiarities that characterized the organization of the educational process in institutions of special higher education was found: the development of special rules for admission to each particular educational institution, taking into account the professional orientation, the definition of the term of studies (4-5 years), the provision of preference to such forms of training as practical and laboratory classes, increase of the volume of different types of practices organized on the basis of industrial enterprises or special institutions. It has been found out that special institutions of higher education were distinguished by the system of evaluation and organization of control of educational and cognitive activity of students. Advantage was given to such forms of control as rehearsals, pass tests, project defence. The article also focuses on the regulation of the rules of the internal regulations in higher educational institutions, the rules of behaviour of students, the types of encouragements to study (state and nominal scholarships, exemptions from tuition fees), and penalties, among which detention in a punishment room was practiced. Key words:  special institutions of higher education, educational process, organizational and administrative structure, Dnieper Ukraine, reforms, peculiarities.