Роль триплоидных сортов в обновлении сортимента яблони

Abstract

The article focuses on the correct selection of initial parent pairs in developing triploid apple cultivars that have a number of advantages in comparison with diploid cultivars, namely, more regular fruiting by years, larger marketable fruits and greater self-fertility. For the first time in Russia and in the world, Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) has created a series of triploid cultivars derived from intervalent crosses 2x ×4x. As practice has shown, the best donor of diploid gametes when creating cultivars with summer fruit ripening was the tetraploid form of the Papirovka cultivar. With the participation of this donor, five triploid cultivars (Avgusta, Dariona, Maslovskoye, Osipovskoye and Yablochny Spas) have been created and included in the State Register of breeding achievements admitted to use and two cultivars Zhilinskoye and Spasskoye are undergoing the State testing. Wealthy Tetraploid was the best donor of diploid gametes when creating apple triploids with winter ripening of fruits. This cultivar was involved in the creation of Bezhin Lug, Ministr Kisilev, Aleksandr Boiko and Vavilovskoye which are already included in the State Register, as well as Turgenevskoye and Trener Petrov which are passing the State testing. We note that triploid cultivars can be sometimes derived not only from target intervalent crossings 2x ×4x, but also from the crossing of two diploid cultivars (2x ×2x) if for some reasons there is no reduction of chromosomes during fertilization. This is the way triploids Nizkorosloye, Pamyat Semakinu, Rozhdestvenskoye, Sinap Orlovsky and Yubilar have been developed.