Німецькомовна безеквівалентна лексика: способи відтворення українською мовою

Abstract

Introduction . The article describes the main ways of transmitting German-language non-equivalent vocabulary in Ukrainian. Purpose . To determine the main ways of translating German-language non-equivalent vocabulary and the particularities of their use. Results . The main features of non-equivalent vocabulary are defined, definition of the concept of «non-equivalent vocabulary» is given. It has been established that non-equivalent vocabulary is defined as words whose meaning cannot be compared with any foreign-language lexical concepts, reflecting, first and foremost, realities of national character, as well as the grammatical features of each language. However, in the process of translating a text, the successful translation of non-equivalent vocabulary (as well as the solution of any other translation task) is not the main goal, but only a step towards achieving translation adequacy. The study describes the main types of non-equivalent vocabulary, such as word-realities, temporarily inequivalent terms, random inequivalent terms, and structural exotisms. According to scientists, the word-realities are also divided into geographical, ethnographic and socio-political, Soviet, historical and situational. The list of ways of translation of non-equivalent vocabulary include: transliteration, calculations, approximate translation, descriptive translation, elimination of national-cultural specificity, redistribution of the lexical unit. It is established that descriptive translation is most often encountered when translating German-language non-equivalent vocabulary, namely when translating realities, accidental non-equivalents, structural exotisms. It has been noted that some scholars consider omission as a method of translation when translating equivalently vocabulary; Thanks to the research, it is determined that descriptive translation of non-equivalent vocabulary fully reveals the essence of the phenomenon, conveys the national originality of foreign lexical units, which is due to its popularity among translators. The article substantiates the use of transliteration in the translation of German-language non-equivalent vocabulary, since transliteration as a method of translation allows to convey the semantic content of the non-equivalent unit as briefly and accurately as possible, but the subject or phenomenon may remain unintelligible to the reader, so it becomes unnecessary for the reader to interpret. The use of transliteration translators is explained by the importance of transmitting national color. In many examples, transliteration reproduces national dishes, military realities and other specific phenomena specific only to the German language, most of which are well known. It is established that the approximate translation is used mainly for the translation of realities. An advantage of an approximate translation is its readability for the reader when a familiar concept is offered as a translation equivalent. In addition, the study managed to establish that for some non-equivalent units several methods of translation can be used, ie combined (complex) methods of translation. The content of an equivalent unit can always be transmitted by a variety of means, even if there is no equivalent in the language system. Originality . Feature of non-equivalent vocabulary is that it is directly related to the objects and phenomena of material and spiritualculture of the people, with the history of society and is a kind of consolidationand transfer of social and cognitive experience. Therefore, her research is relevant now. Conclusion . We can conclude that the translation methods of German-language non-equivalent vocabulary into Ukrainian include transliteration, calculations, approximate translation, descriptive translation and complex translation methods. The most common ways of transmitting non-equivalent lexical units are descriptive and approximate translations. The use of descriptive translation is explained by the performance of the informative function of the text of the translation, at the same time, the advantage of approximate translation is the compactness and accessibility for the reader. As a result of the study, the main ways of translating German-language non-equivalent vocabulary into Ukrainian were outlined, and descriptive translation was found to be the most popular method of translating non-equivalent vocabulary among scholars and translators.