Роль генетических коллекций в инновационном развитии садоводства России

Abstract

The article presents the results of effective use of genetic collections of fruit-trees and small fruit plants for the renovation of the existing assortment and for create varieties of new level. The working with genoplasma of species diversity of different species horticultural plants had been analysed; the importance of genetic collections as fundamental basis for genetic research and breeding of fruit- trees and small fruit plants was marked. The achievements of breeders in the promotion of fruit crops (apple, pear, sweet cherry, plum) in the Northern regions of cultivation through the gradual creation of winter-hardy and cold-resistant varieties, the effectiveness in the breeding process of distant hybridization and introgression of genes of unreduced gametes of winter hardy forms in the genome of fruit plants (for example, stone fruit plants crops i.e plum), as well as the achievements in the development of clonal rootstocks for stone fruit plants have been showed. The works on the study of the Northern gene pool of raspberry and subsequent distant hybridization, which made it possible to form complex interspecific origin were evaluated. The great importance to the donors of fruit trees and small fruit plants with the identified genes and their effectiveness in the obtaining varieties with the desired traits10(immunity in apple - the genes Vf, Vm, immunity in raspberry - the A gene; habit in apple - the gen Co, large-fruited in raspberry - the gen L , and others) was displayed. The main achievements in the private breeding of apples, pears, cherries, plums, raspberries, black and red currant, strawberry and gooseberry, indicating opportunities to further improve existing varieties and quality modern updates assortment (obtaining varieties with a complex of economic-valuable signs: restrained growth, hardiness, immunity or resistance to main pathogens, high productivity, large-fruited, rich biochemical composition, marketable and consumer qualities of fruit) were given. The importance of work on preservation, maintenance and comprehensive study of genetic collections, including physiological, biochemical and genetic studies was substantiated.