Вклад Михаила Дмитриевича Рузского в изучение фауны птиц Волжско-Камского края

This article represents the first study of legal problems and the potential development of publicprivate partnerships (PPP) in science and higher education in Russia. The author considers PPP to be the most flexible and promising instrument for attracting private investments for such infrastructure, which support required enhancement of cooperation between scientific and educational institutions and real companies, and therefore facilitates achieving national goals and strategic tasks for the development of science in the Russian Federation. Compared to ordinary models of cooperation between the public and private sectors, this approach represents closer cooperation of scientific and educational potential of the public sector with investment, technology, and industrial resources from the private sector. At the same time, the government and universities themselves, competing for students and financing, more than ever require resources for infrastructure development. The author analyses advantages of PPP models for both the private and public sectors, general conditions for development of this mechanism in the country, and how public-private partnership in the traditional sense in higher education and science in Russia has better prospects than elsewhere, such as Great Britain, where higher education is private and in the best case partially financed from the public budget. Furthermore, the government does not play a considerable role in managing educational organizations and does not own its facilities. At the same time, considerable disbalances between needs of economic and innovative development of the country and the quality of PPP legislation is clearly noted, as well as particular legislative problems, and the author provies recommendations on how to improve laws.

The Round Table addresses issues of modern legal education and legal science in Russia and China. It is noted that in these countries, legal education and legal science are going through a transitional period. In both Russia and China, the introduction of market mechanisms and extensive contact with the West have led to the transformation of jurisprudence. Scientists and teachers faced the problem of adapting the national legal tradition to new historical conditions. The comparative analysis of Russia and China is also interesting because both states have a socialist past, and the legal system, legal science and legal education of China have experienced a noticeable influence of the USSR.

The article presents an overview of the reports of participants of scientific conferences held at the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation and dedicated to its 25th anniversary, which were devoted to the formation, development and current state of legal science and legal education in Russia, primarily the XX International Scientific and Theoretical Conference “State and law: evolution, current state, development prospects (for the 25th anniversary of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation), which took place on April 27–28, 2023 at the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 433 researchers – scientists and practitioners – citizens of Russia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan took part in the conference in full-time and correspondence format. The geography of the Russian participants of the conference is wide, sending their works from 53 cities. On the section of young researchers, the winners of the report competition were awarded diplomas. The issues raised for discussion at the conference received diverse coverage.

Assessing the vulnerability of Thailand's forest birds to global change

В статье рассматривается процесс институционализации политического образования и политических наук в России первой четверти XVIIIв., завершившийся созданием Академии наук и Академического университета. Первое знакомство с политическим образованием произошло в Славяно-греко-латинской академии и Гимназии Посольского приказа. В ходе коллегиальной реформы предлагалось внедрить политическое и юридическое образование. Данные проекты не были реализованы, однако они определили характер преподавания политики в Академическом университете, который отвечал просветительской программе Петра I, ориентированной в том числе на формирование новой бюрократии, задачам укрепления придворного общества и идеям политико-теологического синтеза. Длительные поиски профессора политики для Академии наук завершились тем, что должность профессора морали и политики (моральной философии) занял Х.Ф. Гросс, который в 1725 г. объявил курс этики «по книге Пуфендорфской, яже о должности человека и гражданина». Таким образом, труды С. фон Пуфендорфа стали основным учебным пособием по политическим наукам в этот период. Заданные Академическим университетом ориентиры надолго определили траекторию развития политического образования в России. The article examines the process of institutionalization of political education and political sciences in Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century. This process finished with the creation of the Academy of Sciences and the Academic University. The first acquaintance with political education took place in the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy and the Gymnasium of the Posolsky Prikaz (The Chancellery of Foreign Affairs). During the collegial reform, some projects to introduce political and legal education appeared. These projects were not implemented, but they determined the nature of political education at the Academic University, which responded to 1) the educational program by Peter the Great, oriented, among other things, towards the formation of a new bureaucracy, 2) the tasks of strengthening the court society, and 3) the ideas of political and theological synthesis. As a result of long search for a professor of politics for the Academy of Sciences, H.F. Gross took the chair of professor of morals and politics (moral philosophy) and announced in 1725 a course in ethics “according to Pufendorf’s book On the Duty of Man and Citizen.” Thus, the works by S. von Pufendorf became the main textbook on political science in that period. The guidelines set by the Academic University determined the trajectory of development of political education in Russia for a long time.

The authors of this article highlight the contribution of women to the creation and functioning of museums of Tomsk University. The using of authentic sources suggests that in the early years of the university's creation, the participation of women in the museum science was limited to charity. Women donated collections of their deceased relatives to Tomsk University or donated their own collections of museum objects. It is known about the generous gift of F.E. Tsibulskaya, Siberian gold-miner' widow. She donated a collection of Siberian minerals to the university. Anna Nordenschild (Smit), the widow of the Norwegian collector Gustav Nordenschild, presented a large collection of butterflies. It was highly appreciated by the head of the University Zoological Museum, professor Kashchenko. It mentioned that among the women-donors were ordinary townswomen, and high-society ladies. For example, the collection of coins and tokens, sent to Tomsk by E.V. von Geyser, the Minister of Public Education I.D. Delyanov had accompanied. The situation was changed by the law of July 3, 1914. This law allowed women to work in university museums on equal terms with men. The implementation of the law began in 1915. The Ministry of Public Education sent additional assignation for the maintenance of educational and auxiliary institutions (offices, laboratories, museums) of the Imperial Tomsk University. In 1915-1916, the first female employees were admitted to the museums of Tomsk University. Graduates of the Siberian Women's Courses Taisiya Tripolitova, Enafa Nikitina and Lidia Sergiyevskaya worked at the Botanical Museum (Herbarium)) on a permanent basis. They participated in scientific expeditions conducted under the leadership of professor of Botany Department V.V. Sapozhnikov, as well as the curator of the Botanical Museum P.N. Krylov. They processed their herbariums, published the first scientific articles. Elizaveta Kiseleva, a graduate of the Siberian Women's Courses, worked at the Zoological Museum. Under the guidance of Professor M.D. Ruzsky, she collected a collection of ants and was engaged in the processing and description of this collection. In 1919, E.F. Kiseleva collaborated at the Institute of Siberian Studies. She studied the fauna of the Ob River and brought a collection of Ob fish to the Zoological Museum. So the study of the causes of the “fish kill” in Ob River was began. In addition to full-time employees in Tomsk University museums female students who specialized in the study of Siberian vegetation worked as well. Their collections replenished the Herbarium of Tomsk University and were used for scientific and educational purposes. In conclusion, the authors emphasize that at the turn of the 1910-20s, Tomsk University formed a core of women researchers, around whom professional museum employees were concentrated.

The spatial distribution of Neotropical birds at local scales is often associated with plant successional stages and unique microhabitats such as bamboo stands and treefall gaps. Only 15% of the Atlantic Forest remains, yet this habitat is home to more than 200 endemic birds. Understanding the distribution of bird species within the Atlantic Forest can improve the test of ecological hypotheses related to habitat use and habitat selection. This study analyses the distribution of birds among different types of relief (lowlands, ravines, hillsides, and hilltops) in 41 forest fragments of different sizes (1 to 384.5 ha) within the Atlantic Forest, south east Brazil. The presence and absence data were analysed with dynamic occupancy models to determine the influence of area and topography in the distribution of bird species. Of the 169 species detected, we were able to estimate an occupancy probability of 67. Among them, relief type was an important variable for 26 species (39%). Most species showed a preference for lowlands and ravines, and some showed an association of combinations of these two reliefs with hillsides and hilltops. These preferences might be related to distribution of preferred food, nesting microhabitats, and thermoregulation. For the endemic and threatened Atlantic Forest mountain birds, the ecological association with areas of relief is a strong, and previously unsuspected, spatial distribution pattern. Our results suggest that the ecology and distribution of birds in tropical forests across hilly regions could be better understood if topography is considered. This pattern should be better investigated among other taxa in tropical forests.

The article presents the results of a research project on the international mobility of the young Russian scientists. This study is focused on the impact of education or work experience abroad on their future scientific careers, namely their publication activity. The project attempts to consider academic mobility not from the traditional point of view of “brain drain”, but from the perspective of “brain circulation” which sees mobility as a mechanism for the transfer of knowledge and a valuable source of innovation as well as a necessary element of training and development of human resources in science. The participation of the young Russian researchers in international mobility was shown with the help of data from several nationally representative sociological surveys. The original feature of this project consists is combining two different methodological approaches: both objective and subjective assessments were brought together in order to evaluate the impact of international mobility on the future publication activity of young researchers. The case study of one large Russian university was examined: a unique database combining both biographical data (open information from CV and publication activity indicators (data from Scopus)) of employees of this university was collected. In addition, the in-depth interviews were conducted to complement the analysis. According to the study, the involvement of young Russian scientists in international academic mobility over the past years has been low in comparison with other countries participating in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). A positive relationship between the international mobility and scientific productivity of Russian scientists was revealed. As was shown, young researchers involved in international mobility not only publish more scientific article on average, but their papers are in fact published in higher ranking journals and are cited more often. Based on the materials of in-depth interviews, the specific mechanisms pushing a young researchers to upgrade their publication activity after or during their academic mobility were identified.

SummaryMany emerging methods for ecological monitoring use passive monitoring techniques, which cannot always be used to identify the observed species with certainty. Digital aerial surveys of birds in marine areas are one such example of passive observation and they are increasingly being used to quantify the abundance and distribution of marine birds to inform impact assessments for proposed offshore wind developments. However, the uncertainty in species identification presents a major hurdle to determining the abundance and distribution of individual species.Using a novel analytical approach, we combined data from two surveys in the same area: aerial digital imagery that identified only 23% of individuals to species level and boat survey records that identified 95% of individuals to species level. The data sets were analysed to estimate the effects of environmental covariates on species density and to produce species‐specific estimates of population size.For each digital aerial observation without certain species identification, randomized species assignments were generated using the observed species proportions from the boat surveys. For each species, we modelled several random realizations of species assignments and produced a density surface from the ensemble of models. The uncertainty from each stage of the process was propagated, so that final confidence limits accounted for all sources of uncertainty, including species identification.In the breeding season, several species had higher densities near colonies and this pattern was clearest for three auk species. Sandeel density was an important predictor of the density of several gull species.Synthesis and applications. This method shows it is possible to construct maps of species density in situations in which ecological observations cannot be identified to species level with certainty. The increasing use of passive detection methods is providing many more data sets with uncertain species identification and this method could be used with these data to produce species‐specific abundance estimates. We discuss the advantages of this approach for estimating the abundance and distribution of birds in marine areas, particularly for quantifying the impacts of offshore renewable developments by making the estimates derived from the older digital surveys more comparable to the recently improved surveys.

The article is a reaction to the article written by P.A. Orekhovsky and V.I. Razumov ‘Carnival Time: Russian Higher School and Science in the Postmodern Era’. The author agrees with the analytical diagnosis of the state and situation in the Russian science and higher education, shares the concern expressed by colleagues about the fate of the most important social institutions for our civilization. The author proposes a number of considerations that develop the topics raised in the reference article. The author draws attention to the historical inversion of the positivist social project, which appears to be at the forefront of the emerging social architecture of a new scientific-technocratic elite; another thing is that its social configuration does not coincide with institutional boundaries of academic and University science. The author speculates upon the analogy of science with prostitution, which is currently undergoing a noticeable institutionalization. The author considers its phasing to be universal. It is suggested that prostitution can be extrapolated to other social institutions, including science and education. The potential of their resistance and survival is determined by how effectively passionarity accumulates in the structure of these social institutions. This indicator is directly proportional to the efficiency of the formation of human capital in the system. According to the author, problems, voiced by P.A. Orekhovsky and V.I. Razumov, are explained by the passion drift, the overcoming of which is not an automatic macro-social act, but the craft of each scientific and pedagogical worker.

In the beginning of this paper, the author presents a critical analysis of “The Carnival Time: Russian High School and Science in the Postmodern Era” by P. A. Orekhovsky and V. I. Razumov who scrutinize ongoing degradation in Russian science and education. This crisis is a local variation of deep global crisis (described among others by B. Readings (1996)). Their article represents such a particular feature of humanities in Russian higher educational institutions, as systematic lack of attention to personal educational interests of students that unavoidably leads to certain monologicity. Before now, there has been gnoseological inequality between teachers and students. Thereby, objectives and content of education were predetermined. Global crisis of education is grounded by factual disappearance of this inequality. However, one can appreciate new possibilities for philosophy teachers to live on according to their professional self-determination. In the second part of the article, it is proposed to evaluate the situation from the standpoint of dedicated philosophers for whom teaching is the most appropriate way to fulfill their professional self-determination. Philosophy is a unique profession, where it is barely impossible to separate professional thinking of a philosopher from the practice of teaching Philosophy. To teach philosophy is to philosophize. In this paper, the author considers the term ‘self-determination’ as creation of general value grounds of the philosophy teachers’ practical (everyday) activity, which provides every professional activity with justification as reasonably necessary to establish these values. Self-determination establishes a bridge between personal ethics and everyday practical life decisions. In order to implement their self-determination, philosophers need educational situations. Therefore the main proposition of this paper is that philosophy teachers have a chance to take advantage of the ongoing situation if they develop self-determination and explore educational interests of prospective students.

Political transformations, institutional changes in higher education, paradigm shifts, changes in disciplinary matrices, scientific networks, space and language of science contributed to the non-linear development of political science in Russia and prevented the formation of a metanarrative about the history of Russian politi cal science. As shown by the conducted study, as well as the study of the history of political science in other countries, such a metanarrative can only be created on the basis of the principles of historicism and contextualism. A significant contribu tion to the successive development of this discipline was made by scholarly and educational institutions specializing in the production of political knowledge and training professionals in this field. The corresponding infrastructure began to form in Russia at the turn of the 17th–18th centuries. At the same time, a key role was played by universities serving the production and transfer of political knowledge, academization of political research, professionalization of political specialties. Using the example of Moscow University, several lines of development of political education are traced in the article: the evolution of disciplinary forms of political science, educational infrastructure and processes of circulation of political knowl edge. The institutionalization of political science led to the establishment in 2008 of the Faculty of Political Science at Lomonosov Moscow State University, which continues to play an important role in ensuring continuity in the field of political studies and political education in Russia.

The unprovoked war on Ukraine has left many in the global scientific community, including Russia, shellshocked. We need to persuade the Kremlin to return to a rules-based international order, while supporting Ukrainians, but also Russian scientists facing both internal and external sanctions.

AimTo evaluate the relative role of environmental factors and geographical position (latitude and longitude) in determining species distribution and composition of local assemblages of butterflies and birds.LocationCzech Republic, central Europe.MethodsCanonical correspondence analysis that ordinates species and samples (grid cells in distribution atlases) such that interspecific and intersample differences attributable to environmental factors are maximized. The technique allowed us to test the significance of individual factors, including the geographical ones, by controlling the other factors and accounting for spatial autocorrelation.ResultsAltitude and climate (temperature and precipitation) accounted for most variance in the interspecific differences in distribution of both butterflies and birds. The distribution of birds was also strongly affected by the area of water bodies, and less strongly, but still significantly, by the area of meadows and mountain open habitats. Habitat types important for the differences in butterfly distribution were deciduous forests, meadows, swamps and mountain open habitats. Some less common habitat types were important only because of the presence of rare species. Latitude and longitude invariably accounted for a large proportion of total variance, and their effect was highly significant even after controlling for the effect of all other environmental factors.Main conclusionsAlthough environmental factors, especially those related to elevation and climate, represent the main determinants of species distribution and composition of local assemblages, the geographical position is very important on this scale of resolution. Understanding distribution patterns, thus, must include not only an understanding of species ecological requirements, but also an understanding of geographical context, which affects structure and dynamics of species’ geographical ranges.

Land use changes operate at different scales. They trigger a cascade of effects that simultaneously modify the composition or structure of the landscape and of the local vegetation. Mobil animals, and birds in particular, can respond quickly to such multi-scalar changes. We took advantage of a long term study on the response of songbirds to land-use changes on four Mediterranean islands in Corsica and Sardinia to explore the benefits of a multi-scale analysis of the relationships between songbird distribution, vegetation structure and landscape dynamics. Field data and aerial photographs were used to describe the vegetation at three different scales. Birds were censused by point counts. We used statistical variance decomposition to study how bird distribution and vegetation at various scales were linked. We analysed multi-scale vegetation changes (floristic composition, plot vegetation type, and landscape structure) and their consequences on bird distribution with multivariate and non-parametrical tests. The distribution of most species was linked to at least two spatial scales. The weight of a given scale was consistent with life-history traits for species whose biology was well-known. In the examples studied, vegetation composition, vegetation type and landscape changes that resulted from land abandonment negatively affected birds depending on open or heterogeneous areas. Our results emphasize that multi-scale analyses can greatly enhance our understanding of bird distribution and of their changes. Management of these populations should take into account measures at various spatial scales depending on the sensitivity of the species.