СВОБОДА ВОЛІ У ФІЛОСОФІЇ АРТУРА ШОПЕНГАУЕРА

Abstract

Introduction. This article is devoted to the problem of free will in the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer. It analyzes its philosophical principles and identifies possible sources on the basis of which Schopenhauer built his philosophical assumptions. Arthur Schopenhauer's peculiar philosophy was undoubtedly interesting for many researchers. Many articles are devoted to his works, but philosophical thoughts of Schopenhauer are so deep and inexhaustible, that they always leave the unlimited field for research. Especially concerning the problem of freedom, in general it has been always relevant, and in the philosophy of Schopenhauer, it acquires extraordinary features that require thorough study. Exactly such necessity made this work relevant. The philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer was given enough attention, but the problem of free will requires more detailed study. Our task is to determine the main provisions of Schopenhauer's teachings of free will and necessity, to establish their correlation. It is noted that Schopenhauer considered the problem of freedom in close relationship with the individual qualities of the personality. He tried to give a reasoned answer to the question about the essence of freedom, which is one of the most relevant in philosophical thought. Analysis of publications. The philosophy of Schopenhauer was of interest to a very large number of researchers. Among them is W. Wallace, who in 1890 wrote the book «The Life of Arthur Schopenhauer». Further, Schopenhauer's work was studied by V. J. McGill, «Schopenhauer: the Pessimist and the Pagan» (New York, 1931), F. Koplaston, «Arthur Schopenhauer: The Philosopher of Pessimism» (London, 1946), M. Fox, «Schopenhauer: his philosophical achievements» (Brighton, 1980), P. Bridgewater, «The English School of Arthur Schopenhauer», (London, 1988), R. Safransky, «Schopenhauer and the Bustling Years of Philosophy», London, 2014, Patrick Gardiner, «Arthur Schopenhauer. Philosopher of German Hellenism», J. Atvel «Schopenhauer: The Human Character» (Philadelphia, 1990), D.L. Berger «The vale of Maya: The Schopenhauer System and Early Indian Thought» (New York, 2004), D. Cartwright «The Historical Dictionary of Schopenhauer Philosophy» (Oxford, 2005), M. Brener, «Schopenhauer and Wagner: The Closer Look» (Bloomington, 2014), D. Farrelli «Arthur Schopenhauer» (Cambridge, 2015). Also, the work of Schopenhauer was studied by A.V. Guliga, B. Khazanov, Chanyshev A., Yudin K. Among researchers from Germany are known such as G. Abendrot, F. Decker, A. Hubscher. In Ukraine, such researchers as Svetlana Saldan (Lviv), T. B. Kablova (Kyiv), Yu. V. Krutus (Dnipro) and others are known. The purpose of the article is to establish the main provisions that guide Schopenhauer to solve the problem of free will. Results. It is revealed that Schopenhauer is an innovator in Western European philosophical thought, since he was exploring precisely the practical life of a human. Thus, he made the philosophy closer to life. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the central questions for Schopenhauer are not theoretical, but life-sense ones. It is also emphasized that the philosopher considered that it was necessary to support theoretical reasoning by practice. Conclusions. It is concluded that Arthur Schopenhauer sees a direct dependence of the phenomenon of freedom on the character of a person, which is essentially unchanged.