МОЛОЧАЙ ХРЯЩЕВАТЫЙ EUPHORBIA GLAREOSA PALL. EX BIEB. – РЕДКИЙ ВИД ФЛОРЫ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БАШКОРТОСТАН

The issue of the conservation status of Trifolium alpestre L. (Fabaceae) on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan is considered in the article. The species was included in the first edition (2001) and the second edition (2011) of the Red Data Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan (category and status: 3 – rare species). The article provides the following information about the species: morphological description with an indication of the main diagnostic features; modern data on the distribution of the species in the republic, new finds of the species in the Bashkir Cis-Ural; brief ecological and phytocenotic characteristics; features of biology (according to data from literature sources); modern data on the number and state of local populations; limiting factors; adopted and recommended protection measures, data on the possibility of preserving the species in culture. Currently, the state of Trifolium alpestre on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan can be considered satisfactory. There are no direct threats to the species. It has been established that the species is distributed much more widely in the Republic of Bashkortostan (the species is known from more than 30 points in 16 administrative districts) than previously assumed (it was known in 16 points in 12 administrative districts during the preparation and publication of the Red Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2011). The species shows significant tolerance to adverse factors and tends to increase in number. It is satisfactorily provided with territorial security The data presented in the article fully justify the possibility of excluding the species Trifolium alpestre from the list of the Red Data Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan and including it in the regional list of species that need biomonitoring – «List of flora and fungi objects that are not included in the Red Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan, but need special attention on the territory of the republic to their state in the natural environment and monitoring».

The issue of the conservation status of the species Cephalaria uralensis (Murr.) Schrad. ex Roem. et Schult. (Dipsacaceae Juss.) в) on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan is considered in the article. The species was included in the first edition (2001) and the second edition (2011) of the Red Data Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan (category and status: 3 – rare species, the species is located on the territory of the republic at the northern and eastern borders of the range). The article provides the following information about the species: morphological description with an indication of the main diagnostic features; modern data on the distribution of the species in the republic, new finds of the species in the Bashkir Cis-Ural и South Ural (western macroslope); brief ecological and phytocenotic characteristics; features of biology (according to data from literature sources); modern data on the number and state of local populations; limiting factors; adopted and recommended protection measures, data on the possibility of preserving the species in culture. The state of the species Cephalaria uralensis at the present time on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan can be considered satisfactory. The species shows significant resistance to adverse factors. It was found that the species is widespread in the republic much wider than previously thought. The species is satisfactorily provided with territorial protection, a significant part of its known populations are located within the boundaries of existing or projected specially protected natural areas. The data presented in the article substantiate the reasons for the exclusion of the species Cephalaria uralensis from the list of the Red Data Book of the Republic of Bashkortostan and its subsequent inclusion in the regional list of observed species – «List of flora and fungi that need special attention to their state in the natural environment and monitoring (observed species)» [Red Data Book..., 2021].

The article presents a review of data on a rare endemic species of the flora of the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB) – Pimpinella tomiophylla (Woronow) Stank. (Apiaceae). The species is included in the third edition of the Red Data Book of the RB [2021] in the following status: category 2 – a species that is declining in abundance and/or distribution; vulnerable species (VU); II priority (Bashkir Cis-Urals). The article provides the following information about the species: conservation status; nomenclature reference; morphological description; distribution in the republic; brief ecological and phytocenotic characteristics; features of biology; modern data on condition of the local population; limiting factors; measures for the protection. The species was first described for science in 1931 from Mount Tratau (RB, Ishimbai district) according to herbarium collections in 1915 and 1926 (LE) [Voronov, 1931; Flora of the USSR, 1950]. In the republic, P. tomiophylla is a poorly studied species and is located within a narrow local range. At present, the species is reliably known only from one point – the territory of the natural monument «Mount Tratau» (UFA) [The Red Data Book…, 2021]. The species occurs in plant communities with typical petrophytic species. It grows mainly in the lower part of the western and southwestern slopes of the mountain. The known population of the species is numerous. In recent years, the recreational load on the populations of rare species on Mount Tratau, including the species P. tomiophylla, has increased, which will inevitably lead to a reduction in the area and number of its population. The necessity of a set of additional measures for the protection of P. tomiophylla in situ and ex situ is substantiated.

Growing anthropogenic pressure and changing climate conditions create new reality in which more and more native fauna species require our attention. That is the reason for scientists to compile Red Lists or Red Data Books on different levels. The main factors of negative impact on animals nowadays are as follows: destruction and/or transformation of natural ecosystems (habitats), illegal removal from nature, commercial overuse, natural disasters and climate change, as well as military actions. The Red Data Book of Ukraine includes 140 species of animals which appear in Lviv region. However, there are also other species within the region that deserve protection. The latest Lviv region list of rare species was approved in 2007 – two years before the publication of the third edition of Red Data Book of Ukraine, and is somewhat outdated. For more than 15 years the animal habitats have changed, and the list of species in the new edition of the Red Data Book of Ukraine (2021) has changed significantly. According to this, a new list of regionally rare animal species is objectively needed. Such a list has been compiled and is presented in the article. The main species criteria for being included into it are: vulnerability to the environmental changes, a sharp decline in the number of individuals or rapid population area shrinkage, low occurrence frequency within the region, relic origin, endemic or sub-endemic status, species on the edge of their distribution ranges or with the complex life cycles, etc. We believe that our knowledge about regionally rare species and their distribution can be one of the reasons for the establishing of new protected areas. This will help to preserve rare ecosystems in the structure of national ecological network and strengthen the conservation of species and coenotic diversity both in some separate territories or regions, and in Ukraine as a whole. After additional, detailed scientific research some of the regionally rare animal species will obviously be recommended to be included into the next edition of the Red Data Book of Ukraine. Thus, at least 106 animal species are proposed to became regionally protected in Lviv region. 64 of them are already under the protection of Bern Convention, 26 – under Bonn Convention, and 13 under the protection of Washington Convention.

The mycobiota of Tomsk oblast have been studied for many years on the basis of traditional and modern methods of systematics, biomorphology and molecular biology. Only such approach provides revealing background, and species of regional mycobiota. Basing on the results of 13-year investigations in 2004-2016 and on literature data, we extended the list of macromycetes of Tomsk oblast from 900 to 1300 species (subdivision Pezizomycotina and classis Agaricomycetes). For the stationary work in pine and cedar forests of Tomsk oblast we formed 7 long-term permanent transects with the total area of 1400 m 2 , where we collected and registered macromycetes every 10-15 days during the season. Several species were identified by Blast-N on line of the algorithm of comparing homologous sequences of ITS-region of nuclear DNA ribosomal genes in databases GenBank and BOLD. To amplify ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region we used primer ITS1F common for fungi and primer ITS4B specific for basidiomycetes. We applied the scale of categories of rarity given in the Red Data Book of Tomsk oblast. Inclusion of a species into the group was based on an expert evaluation where key factors were its occurrence (up to 10 finds in the region during the whole period of investigations), reduction in the number as a result of a negative anthropogenic influence, and an analysis of the species occurrence by regional literature sources and by the Red Data Books of adjacent territories. As a result, 192 species were registered under natural conditions and 47 - under anthropogenic ones (in total 18.4% of the regional mycobiota) and are referred to as rare. We analyzed rare species, identified by mycologists in the 1980s (20 species); 11 of them have remained and endangered (See Tables). Four species are of the utmost concern today: Gyromitra sphaerospora (Peck) Sacc.; Phallus impudicus L.; Gyromitra gigas (Krombh.) Cooke and Sparassis crispa (Wulfen) Fr.; the last facts about them were provided in scientific literature in Tomsk oblast more than 30 years ago. Other 9 species were, on the contrary, transferred to the group; with a systematic monitoring they are regularly found in their typical habitats. For 192 presented rare species, the number of their registrations in Tomsk oblast and an overview of their conservation status in some regions of Siberia and European Russia are provided. In order to protect the regional mycobiota, we suggest establishing Specially Protected Natural Areas of different status in intact undisturbed forests and studying the mycobiota in already existing nature reserves. At the present time, this is particularly true for a fungal component of forest ecosystems of Siberia. An expansion of the list of protected species in the region seems important. E.g. in the 1 st edition of the Red Data Book of Tomsk oblast (2002) only 2 species of macromycetes and in the 2 nd (2013) - 8 species were presented; this does not correspond to the real situation and modern data on the species diversity of fungi and their status of rare and disappearing species.

Законодательная охрана хищных птиц и усиление борьбы с нелегальной торговлей ими в Казахстане

The United States is not alone in recognizing the plight of wildlife; many other people and nations of the world also recognize the danger. World concern over endangered species is channeled largely through the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). The IUCN supports a Survival Service Commission to determine what species are in danger and for what reasons. It publishes its findings in the Red Data Book (red for danger), which lists animals relative to their status on the road to extinction and summarizes available knowledge. In addition to the IUeN Red Book, the United States, through the Fish and Wildlife Service, publishes its own Red Book ( l05) now in its third edition, and many states publish lists of rare and endangered species within their own boundaries (37, 48, 62). These lists may involve species that are threatened within state bounda­ ries but not necessarily over the species' entire range. Although the Endangered Species Act clearly covers plants, attention has been concentrated on animal life. Only recently have plants received attention (5, 74, 75, 98). Not until 1975 did the federal government prepare a list of endangered and

This article presents the list of fungal species recommended for inclusion in the new edition of the Red Data Book of the Komi Republic, and information about changes sincethe previous edition. During 2008-2018, we inventoried the mycobiota and the status of the populations of rare species of fungi in previously unexplored areas and received new data on their distribution, ecological and biological features. Based on the results, we can suggest 65 species for protection: 35 of them should be transferred from the previous Red Data Book edition (2009) with the same status, and the 30 new species of macromycetes are Trichoderma nybergianum, Verpa conica, Microstoma protractum, Bovista paludosa, Echinoderma echinaceum, Entoloma incanum, Chrysomphalina chrysophylla, Cuphophyllus cinerellus, Hygrophorus inocybiformis, Phaeocollybia festiva, Baeospora myriadophylla, Clitocybula lignicola, Crinipellis piceae, Tectella patellaris, Pluteus umbrosus, Leucocortinarius bulbiger, Omphaliaster borealis, Ripartites tricholoma, Boletinus asiaticus, B. spectabilis, Suillus acidus, S. americanus, Geastrum pectinatum, Ramaria fennica, R. karstenii, R. rubella, Polyporus umbellatus, Lactarius alpinus, L. brunneoviolaceus, and L. dryadophilus . Six species ( Pluteus umbrosus, Leucocortinarius bulbiger, Geastrum pectinatum, Polyporus umbellatus, Ramaria fennica, R. karstenii ) are reported for the first time for the region. Four species ( Ganoderma lucidum, Polyporus umbellatus, Sarcosoma globosum, Sparassis crispa ) are included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (2008). We suggest seven species of fungi to be excluded from the new edition of the Red Data Book. Some of them are common in disturbed sites (Gyromitra infula, Lepista nuda and Phaeolepiota aurea ). Others should be delisted due to a significant number of new findings in recent years (Ptychoverpa bohemica and Tricholomopsis decora ). Two species were misidentified (Macrolepiota procera and Grifola frondosa ) and so should also be excluded from the red list.

Monitoring of protected fungi species by methods of modern information technologies

Aim. To carry out an ongoing assessment of the status of rare and endangered species of plants and animals listed in the applicable Red Books and subject to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which are of particular value for the conservation of biological diversity in the interests of sustainable development of Baikal Siberia and to identify problems with the use of some species in the region.The material for the review were the regional Red Books published in recent years (from 2012 to 2023) in all regions of the Russian Federation included in Baikal Siberia (Buryat Republic, Transbaikalian Region, Irkutsk Region), as well as the Red Book of the Russian Federation (2021) and the list of species from the Annexes of the CITES Convention.An updated list of rare, "Red Book" species of animals and plants of Baikal Siberia, subject to the CITES Convention, is presented. The categories of rare, endangered, and environmental protection statuses in all regional Red Books of Baikal Siberia are aligned with the accepted statuses in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, which currently meets international standards. In the 2nd edition of the Russian Federation Red Book (2021), 213 species of animals fall under the CITES Convention, 164 species of plants. In the Buryat Republic, the Transbaikalian Region and the Irkutsk Oblast Red Books (2012, 2020, 2021, 2023) 35 species of plants and 40 species of animals are from the CITES List. Annex I includes all endangered species whose trade is strictly regulated and should be allowed only in exceptional cases (amounting to a total of 13 species, whose trade has or may have an impact on their continued existence). In Annex II, which includes all species that may be threatened with extinction if the trade in specimens of such species is not strictly regulated (31 plant species and 57 animal species). Although they are not necessarily in immediate danger of extinction at this time, they may become so, if the trade in specimens of such species is not strictly regulated in order to prevent use incompatible with their survival. There are no protected species in the region from Annex III.An audit of the most vulnerable rare and Red Book species of plants and animals was carried out, as well as of the validity of including certain species in the Red Books (federal and regional) and the CITES List for the Biological Diversity Conservation and Sustainable Development of Baikal Siberia.

Over the past 100 years, the biodiversity of our planet has declined dramatically. To date, more than 142 500 species of animals have been included in the Red List of The World Conservation Union and about 40 000 of them are threatened with extinction (The IUCN…, 2022). Red Data Books of various levels are documents that keep records of rare and endangered species with an indication of their past and present distribution, reproduction features, and protection measures already taken and those necessary in the future. They act as a formal legal basis for the establishment of a special regime of protection in relation to these objects. The new edition of the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (2021) includes four species of ungulates that are significant in the biocenoses of steppes and deserts. Two of them are no longer found in the wild in Russia: Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalskii Poljakov, 1881) is extinct in Russia since the 19th century and the onager (Equus hemionus Pallas, 1775) since the beginning of the 20th century. The state of populations of other two species, the saiga (Saiga tatarica Linnaeus, 1766) and the Mongolian gazelle or the dzeren (Procapra gutturosa Pallas, 1777), causes serious concern. The loss of members of this group from the ecosystems will not only reduce the biodiversity of arid biomes, but may also lead to their degradation. The last time the onager was seen on the territory of Russia in Transbaikalia was in 1926. For almost 20 years there have been discussions about its reintroduction in Dauria and the Northwestern Caspian region, however, the lack of a full-scale scientific research may make this initiative to be risky in all aspects. The northern boundary of the Mongolian gazelle range passes the territory of Russia. However, the number and state of its population in Russia largely depends on the state of its population in the territory of Mongolia. After the complete disappearance of the species in the 1970s–1980s in Altai, Tuva, and Transbaikalia, dzeren population began to recover in the 1990s, due to the increase of its North-Kerulen population in Mongolia: resuming of winter migrations to the territory of Southeastern Transbaikalia, favorable natural conditions, and effective protection of the species on the territories of two nature biosphere reserves, Daursky and Sokhondo, and the federal zakaznik (nature refuge) Dzeren Valley, contributed to the formation of a number of sedentary groups of these ungulates (Kirilyuk and Lushchekina, 2017). Now, the total number of the species in Russia is about 20 000 individuals (Kirilyuk, 2021). It is the first time for the saiga to be listed in the Red Data Book. In the 1980s, its numbers did not cause any concern: the species amounted to about 400 000 individuals. However, overhunting, intensive development of agriculture, reduction of suitable habitats, the economic crisis in the country, poaching, and temporary suspension of the nature protection activities led to a sharp decrease in the saiga population in the Northwestern Caspian region. In 2015 the population number was only 4000–5000 individuals (Karimova and Lushchekina, 2018). Until relatively recently, all three species were considered commercial. However, environmentally unfriendly forms of economic development of arid territories (plowing and land reclamation, overgrazing, construction of roads and other technical structures without taking into account regional features, etc.) directly or indirectly contributed to the reduction of the ranges of the species and disruption of their seasonal migrations and spatial structure. All these resulted in population decrease, increasing their vulnerability to abnormal weather conditions (heavy snowfall, droughts, fires, etc.) and the pressure of legal and illegal hunting. The future of these unique animals depends, first of all, on man and his (our) attitude to the natural environment. Their well being should be facilitated by the implementation of measures developed by specialists and listed both in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation and in approved specific strategies.

Contributing to the national biodiversity action plan of Vietnam, the new Red species List and Red Data Book 2004 of Vietnam have been compiled by the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, with the participation of 70 scientists from different ministries and agencies of the country. This new Red Data Book 2004 was a revised and updated work, based on the first Red Data Book of Vietnam, published in 1992 (animal part) and 1996 (plant part), using the IUCN Red List Criteria and Categories 1994, updated by new materials of the fauna and the flora of Vietnam, collected in last 10 years. The new Red Data Book 2004 has showed a new situation of the biodiversity of the country after 10 years. The number of threatened species has remarkably increased, from 709 species recorded in the Red Data Book 1992-1996 to 857 species in the Red Data Book 2004. Six animal species were considered as extinct (EX) and extinct in the wild (EW). At the same time, 149 animal species were classified in the endangered category (EN); among them, 46 species were critically endangered (CR). The correspond numbers in plants were 192 endangered species and 45 critically endangered species. The present status of the wild life in Vietnam was caused firstly by the non rational over exploitation in land, as well as in seawaters. Besides, the heavy destruction of the natural environment conditions, including the habitat of wild animals and plants, especially the forest devastation in mountainous regions, the uncontrolled destruction of coral reefs in coastal zone, were also important agents for the degeneration of the biodiversity. In this book, for each animal and plant, suitable protection, conservation and regeneration measures for threatened species were proposed.

The article discusses the monitoring of rare plants listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine that grow in the Ternopil region, in particular in the Kremenets Mountains, the Medobory Reserve, the Holytsia Botanical and Entomological Reserve, as well as in the territories of Opillya and Transnistria. The study used data from V. Besser, H. Kukovytsia, T. Andrienko, B. Zaverukha, S. Zelinka, R. Yavorivsky, M. Barna, and V. Cherniak, scientists who analyzed plant populations in the Ternopil region. The main goal of the work was to establish the habitats of Red Book plants in the Ternopil region, to study the populations of a number of species, and to conduct taxonomic, systematic, chorological, and biomorphological analysis in order to develop ways to protect these plants. The research was conducted from 2018 to 2023 in the Ternopil region, using herbarium specimens from the collections of the M.T. Kholodny Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (KW), the M.M. Hryshko National Library of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (KWHA), the Lviv Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (LWS), the Volodymyr Hnatiuk Ternopil National Pedagogical University, and museums in Kremenets and Ternopil. The research found that 34 species of plants grow in the Kremenets Mountains, 28 species in the Medobory Reserve, 37 species in the Holytsia Botanical and Entomological Reserve and its surroundings, and other plants are found partially in the Ternopil Plateau, Opillya, and Transnistria. In particular, 12 endemic, 22 relict, 7 relict-endemic, and 30 rare species have been identified. In addition, the region is home to 7 species of plants included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, which are globally endangered. The categorical analysis of Red Data Book species shows that 20 species are classified as endangered, 49 as vulnerable, 30 as rare, and 1 species as uncertain. In nature conservation, it is important to study the anthropogenic impact on certain species of species, as well as the creation of new reserves and protected tracts to preserve their natural environment.

The dataset of the Red Data Book vascular plants of Transbaikalia was created based on the latest editions of the Red Data Book of the Republic of Buryatia and the Red Data Book of the Zabaikalsky Krai (Russia). The dataset provides the most updated information regarding the distribution of 271 rare vascular plants (2920 distribution records). The distribution of the studied species was recorded during field surveys using GPS navigators, georeferenced from herbarium specimens, and digitised from printed distribution maps. Each entry in the dataset has various attributes, including belt zone, distribution, ecological, and life-form group features. Distribution patterns for various groups of rare and endangered species were analysed by means of QGIS 3.10 software. Our study has revealed a number of localities of vascular plants listed in the Red Data Book and clarified their distribution within the federal Protected Areas of Transbaikalia, among which Tunkinsky National Park has the highest diversity. Distribution of some rare and endangered species fall under federal protection, but some plants, including endemic species, require better protection. Analysis of various belt zones and distribution groups showed their distinct spread within the study region. Among the studied species, mesophytes and short rhizome perennial plants prevailed. It is also important to preserve vascular plants in the Red Data Book outside Protected Areas. Hence, information from our dataset can be useful for conservation monitoring programmes. Our study provides a basis for future conservation activities and can be applied in the establishment of new Protected Areas or Important Plant Areas in Transbaikalia.

The list of lichen species in need of protection was revised for the new edition of the Red Data Book of Primorsky Krai. Changes in lichen taxonomy and additions to information on species ecology and distribution were taken into account. The updated list includes 56 lichen species. We justify the need to introduce 6 lichen species into the regional Red Data Book and exclude 16 lichen species. The following species are recommended to be included in the new regional Red Data Book: Scytinium lichenoides, Alectoria sarmentosa, Hypogymnia fujisanensis, Pyxine sibirica, Phaeophyscia pyrrhophora, Umbilicaria deusta. We propose to exclude the following lichens from the regional Red Data Book: Lichenomphalia hudsoniana, Vulpicida viridis, Parmotrema cetratum, Platismatia erosa, Platismatia glauca, Platismatia norvegica, Anzia colpodes, Hypogymnia metaphysodes, Hypogymnia submundata, Lobaria crassior, Lobaria isidiosa, Nephromopsis laureri, Nephromopsis pseudocomplicata, Nephromopsis pallesens, Cetrelia davidiana, Cetrelia nuda.