Философиялық ойлар тарихындағы адам мәселесі

Abstract

This article examines the problem of a man in the philosophy of different historical periods — the philosophy of the Ancient World, antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the philosophy of the New Age, modernity. Initially, the first philosophical views on the problem of person developed in ancient Eastern philosophy (in the philosophy of Ancient India and China) are considered. A man as an object of study in the beliefs of ancient people is characterized. The main Western European approaches of ancient philosophy to the allocation of a person as a separate and special philosophical problem (Protagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle) are determined. It is also emphasized that the Western European Middle Ages were marked by the most powerful influence of the Christian worldview on all aspects of people’s lives, particularly on the spiritual life, which was inseparable from the religious worldview (A. Augustine). It is shown that the philosophy of the New Age is formed by the fact that the path to the rational interpretation of human essence was opened (J.O. La Mettrie, P. Holbach, D. Diderot, I. Kant). Features in the philosophy of person of the nineteenth century are highlighted. In addition, the pecularities of Russian philosophy in the second half of the XIX — early XX century and anthropological problems of the 20th century are presented (Belinsky, Chernyshevsky, Berdyaev, Soloviev). Finally, the article also considers the problem of man in Kazakh philosophy and describes viewpoints of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi and Abay. Anthropological problems of the XX century in Western philosophy are presented.