Образовательные стратегии молодежи в СССР в 1950–1960-е годы

Inequality grew substantially not only in many developed countries during the 1980s and 1990s, but also in most developing countries. Across developing and emerging economies, the growth in inequality was more severe in Latin America and Africa compared with many East Asian countries. The diverse patterns of income inequality motivate my research, which reveals the important forces underlying the dynamics of inequality. In a general equilibrium, endogenous growth model, I show trade liberalization for a developing country with a low (high) quality of education induces a growth (reduction) of within country inequality during the dynamic transition. Moreover, trade liberalization leads to significantly stronger convergence in terms of per capita output when the quality of education is high in the developing country. Using large set of developed and developing countries, I then provide empirical evidence that echnological progress increases the growth of inequality more in countries with a low quality of education. Taken together, this research shows the interaction between technological change and educational quality emerges as a principal determinant of the growth of inequality.

Modern higher education institutions faced a huge problem during the global pandemic. The topical issue was the provision of quality educational services to higher education seekers in a pandemic around the world. Many countries in 2020 have decided to use distance learning as the only way to continue the educational process without interrupting it indefinitely. Distance learning today is one of the most effective and promising training systems. The emergence and active spread of distance learning is anadequate response of the education systems of many countries to the processes of integration taking place in the world, the movement towards the information society.Purpose. The purpose of this article is to systematize various aspects of distance education in institutions of the maritime sector of Ukraine in a global pandemic and to find solutions to issues that arise during the development of distance education and training of maritime professionals; identification of positive and negative aspects of the introduction of distance learning.Methods. To solve the problem, the following methods were used: the method of theoretical generalization, the method of analysis and synthesis, the method of systematization, the method of deduction.Results. The analysis of the results of distance learning in maritime institutions was carried out and its strengths and weaknesses were identified. The ways of improving the quality of distance education are analyzed. Further ways of development and improvement of distance learning are proposed.Originality. The basis of the educational process in distance learning is the controlled, intensive and purposeful independent work of a student who can study in a place convenient for himself, according to an individual schedule. In accordance with this, the educational process should be organized in such a way as to ensure the student's independent mastering of the educational material, the implementation and timely deli-very of individual assignments.Output. The main problem of training applicants for higher education in the maritime sector of Ukraine in a pandemic in distance education is the lack of opportunity for cadets to gain practical skills in working with ship equipment that exists in educational institutions. This negatively affects the quality of learning by cadets. In the future, this may lead to increased ship accidents and reduced maritime safety. It is necessary to develop interaction between educational institutions; make full use of technological opportunities; determine the goals and prospects for the development of distance learning, etc.Keywords:distance learning, quality of education, maritime institute, management of marine resources, ship accident rate, pandemic.

The study proved and substantiated the importance of innovative approaches and digitalization in the organization of the educational process of higher education. It has been found that the introduction of innovative approaches is a strategically key factor for achieving a high level of quality and efficiency of educational services. In particular, innovative technologies and digitalization allow universities to adapt to modern requirements and create flexible and accessible learning environments. 
 During the study, an analysis of differences in the interpretation of the concepts of «threat» and «risk» was conducted. In particular, it is determined that in education threats and risks can include not only financial difficulties, but also loss of reputation, low quality of education and insufficient competitiveness of graduates. It identifies the main range of problematic issues, sets of innovative approaches in higher education and highlights the principles and stages of diagnosis, which should take into account the specifics of the educational environment and the requirements of the modern labor market for its qualitative assessment. 
 In order to test the research, the article assesses and analyzes the introduction of innovative approaches in the Volodymyr Dahl East Ukrainian National University for the training of applicants 073 and 281 in the field of distance education. The strategic goals chosen to accelerate the digitalization process have been singled out and justified, considering the high standards of quality and the needs of the modern educational environment. The introduction of a digital student card, the creation of a digital educational environment and an increase in the level of digital literacy of students and teaching staff are key areas of the strategy of the Volodymyr Dahl East Ukrainian National University. In addition, innovative approaches have been developed, such as partnerships with technology companies, the creation of electronic libraries and archives aimed at supporting research activities and quality education in distance learning. 
 It provides a SWOT analysis of the Volodymyr Dahl East Ukrainian National University which highlights the main strengths and weaknesses of its functioning, as well as identifies the opportunities and threats faced by the university today in the most difficult conditions of existence. The conducted analysis allows us to draw conclusions and determine the prospects for further research in this direction. 
 In general, the study emphasizes the importance of innovation and digitalization in education as strategic factors contributing to improving the quality, efficiency, and competitiveness of educational institutions in the modern world. 
 The obtained results help to determine the optimal way to achieve the set goals, and their certification with certificates testifies to the importance and effectiveness of the chosen direction of innovative activity at Volodymyr Dahl East Ukrainian National University in the face of high requirements for remote educational process.

Education is the main foundation in the development of quality human beings and society. Judging from the facts on the ground, there are many problems in the field of education. One of the problems of education is the low quality of education at various levels of education, both formal and informal. This study aims to find and analyze the direct influence of teacher commitment on the quality of education and find and analyze the direct influence of teacher performance on the quality of education. This study uses field research with a quantitative approach. The preparation of research instruments begins with a theoretical study of various concepts, theories and opinions of experts. In this study, to test the validity given to the respondents, it was first tested on students outside the sample of 10 people each. To obtain complete, valid and reliable data, the researcher uses three methods, namely the Observation Method, the Questionnaire/Questionnaire Method and the Documentation Method. The results of this study are Based on the results of research and calculations proving that there is an influence between the principal's leadership variables on teacher performance at SMP IT Insan Madani, seen from the test of the persial test (T-Test), the results of the Tcount value of 3.232 and the Ttable value of 2.042 with a significance value of 0.003. With the test criteria of Tcount > Ttable and if the Significance < 0.05 then H0 is rejected. The findings of this study will inform the development of targeted interventions aimed at enhancing teacher commitment and performance, ultimately leading to improved educational outcomes

The quality of education in accordance with the main provisions of economic science is assessed by the profitability of human capital formed in the education system. For evaluation of the quality of higher education, the value of remuneration for graduates of higher educational institutions is used. In the remuneration of graduates, the influence of the wage level in the region is eliminated. The highest quality of education is in the Tver, Moscow, Tula Region. Low quality of education is in Orel, Bryansk and Kostroma Regions and in Moscow. The simplest quality of education can be the ratio of remuneration of graduates to the average salary in the regions. The use of this evaluation shows that high quality of education provides by Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation, Tula State University, Oryol State Agricultural University, Belgorod State Agricultural University, Bryansk State Technical University, Vladimir State University, Voronezh State Technical University. The best quality of education among pedagogical higher education institutions provides the Tula State Pedagogical University.

The purpose of this research was conducted to examine how efforts to improve education quality management at SMP PAB 10 Medan Estate. Efforts to improve to achieve quality education do not only fulfill the input and output aspects, but what is more important are the process aspects, what is meant is decision making, program management, institutional management processes, teaching and learning processes and monitoring and evaluation processes, provided that the process teaching and learning has the highest level of importance compared to other processes. One of the educational problems faced by the Indonesian nation today is the low quality of education at every level and educational unit, especially higher education. Various efforts have been made to improve the quality of national education, including through various trainings and improving the competence of lecturers, procuring books and media, improving educational facilities and infrastructure, and improving the quality of campus management. However, various indicators of the quality of education have not shown significant improvement. Some tertiary institutions, especially in big cities, have shown encouraging improvements in the quality of education, but most are still apprehensive. The quality of education are two terms that come from quality and education, meaning that they refer to the quality of products produced by educational institutions or schools. That is, it can be identified from the number of students who have achievements, both academic and other achievements, as well as graduates relevant to the goals.

Education is important for development in all fields in Indonesia. Whether or not the quality of education will determine the human resources produced. In the world of education, teachers play an important role, meaning that the quality of this nation's education is indirectly determined by the quality of educators or teachers. Based on the Unesco agency, Indonesia is one of the countries that has a low quality of education. The quality or low level of teacher professionalism will have an impact on low-performance results. Low teacher performance will affect the quality of students and the quality of education produced. The teacher's performance includes lesson planning, learning implementation, and learning assessment. In this study, the professionalism of teachers can be influenced by several factors, including the level of academic qualifications, certification, and teacher competence. If these three things can be fulfilled by a teacher, it is expected that the teacher has high professionalism to carry out his duties professionally so that it has an impact on better performance.

The purpose of the paper is the penetration of globalization into all spheres of social life leads to a number of changes concerning, first of all, the economic condition of countries, manifested through differences in their resource potential, the global labor market, and the aggravation of problems related to finding optimal ways to satisfy human needs. As a result of this, the question arises of ensuring the development of the social sphere, which should focus on meeting the physical and spiritual needs of the population, improving living conditions, achieving a high standard of living, etc. Methodology of the important role in solving this task is given to the social policy of the state. The need to bring the level and quality of life of the population of Ukraine closer to world standards requires qualitative changes in the implementation of social policy, improvement of its financial support. The conflict between the European integration aspirations of our country and the realities existing in it leads to an urgent need for a consistent reorientation of domestic social policy to achieve a high level of social standards, build a developed system of social protection of the population, ensure effective protection of workers' rights and comprehensive harmonious development of the individual. One of the key issues facing most countries in both the long-term and short-term perspective is the construction of an effective system of social protection of the population capable of solving urgent and permanent social problems. Results. There is a particularly urgent need to rethink social policy in Ukraine, to define a clear goal, tasks, mechanisms and stages of its implementation. Social policy is a component of the state's internal policy. It is aimed at ensuring the well-being of citizens by providing them with the opportunity to obtain the necessary material, cultural and spiritual benefits. Social policy has specific features, such as humanistic direction, orientation on human development. Social policy is a method of state regulation of the market economy through the distribution and redistribution of public goods and the development of relations between employees during their creation. State policy should be aimed at social security, social assistance, housing programs, health care, education, and support of socially oriented spheres of activity, in particular food and light industry. Social policy has a decisive influence on the state's competition strategy on the world market and the competitiveness of the national economy, as it ensures the development of human potential, social stability in society, and improvement of the investment and innovation climate in the country. Practical implications. The goal is to deepen the theoretical and methodological foundations of the social policy of the state as a regulator of the development of the social sphere in the conditions of the formation of the information society and to substantiate the directions for the improvement of social policy. The object is the social policy of the state to ensure the financial security of a person The subject is theoretical and practical issues of implementing social policy to ensure financial security of a person The essence of the concept of social policy is considered. Value/originality. The state of Ukraine's social policy and the prospects for changing social policy in accordance with current challenges are analyzed. The main principles were substantiated and recommendations were developed for improving the areas of implementation of the state's social policy and social protection of the population in the context of adaptation to EU standards. The main theoretical provisions, conclusions and recommendations have a practical direction, regarding the introduction of organizational and legal changes in the system of managing the social protection of the population at the territorial community level, namely indicators of external evaluation of the process and results of the activity of the social service provider.

Relevance. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the changing environment, the development of forms and methods of providing educational services in the higher education market. This market is characterized by an increase in the level of competition, the development of distance learning. Currently, the most significant criterion for choosing an institution providing educational services in the field of higher education is the quality of these services, their compliance with the high level of information technology development, the requirements of the digital economy, and integration into the international labor market.The purpose is concludes in the study of the parameters of the market of higher education services, as well as an analysis of the dynamics of these indicators.The objectives of the study are presented by: developing an algorithm for analyzing the development of the higher education services market, studying the dynamics of the development of the higher education services market in the context of digitalization and identifying trends.Methodology. Includes an overview of the Russian Federation expenditures on the development of education, the dynamics of the number of institutions of higher education, the quality of education and the dynamics of the higher education distance market in Russia.The results of the study show that the main trends in the market of higher education services are a decrease in the number of higher education institutions and an increase in the share of state institutions of higher education. One of the main trends in higher education in modern conditions is the development of educational services provided in a distance format.Conclusions. The development of the digital economy has determined the main trend in the market of higher professional education services in Russia, which is characterized by the growth of implemented distance learning programs, the development of digital educational platforms, and the implementation of innovative technologies for providing e-learning services.

In 2003 Madagascar joined the UNESCO “Education for All” programme. The primary objective of the programme is to improve accessibility to and the quality of the education system. Although there has been progress in achieving universal primary education, this progress has not been accompanied by the necessary safeguards for ensuring quality of education. According to the UNESCO report “Éducation pour tous. Madagascar 2015" only 79% the Malagasy children who started school went on to complete their primary education. The PASEC (Program on the Analysis of Education Systems) report also shows the low quality of education – children repeating school years together with low educational outcomes in Mathematics and French. This poor quality of education is undoubtedly in violation of the rights of children to their individual development. This article attempts to answer the question about the causes of the low quality of education in Madagascar. According to the author it’s important to note that apart from poverty and child labour the low professional qualifications of teachers is also a contributory factor.

The research problem. The experience of implementing monitoring in the activities of higher education institutions suggests that it is a necessary element of ensuring the quality of education in today's conditions, so this topic is extremely important and needs to be researched. The aim of the article is to analyze the monitoring of the quality of higher education as a priority task of ensuring effective education in Ukraine. Methods used during the research are the search on the available methodical and scientific literature with the analysis of the found material, systematization and concretization. The main results of the study. The article examines the concept of monitoring, its role in the educational process and the features that characterize it. Monitoring is one of the most important means of changing the information space, as it increases the efficiency, objectivity and accessibility of information. Therefore, the purpose of monitoring is to promptly identify all changes taking place in the field of education. The concept and essence of the quality of education are analyzed, its main components are indicated. The functions of educational monitoring at the university level are listed. The regularities, on the basis of which the quality management of the educational process in the higher educational institution is managed, are indicated. The tasks of internal control of state institutions of higher education are also outlined and the role of internal control in the system of management of higher educational institution is analyzed. Analyzing the place of internal control in the management system of the higher educational institution of the public sector, it can be noted that it is responsible for conservation of material resources and efficiency of their use; adequacy and effectiveness of management decisions; compliance with current legislation, prevention and detection of violations; sufficiency, accuracy and relevance of information created and transmitted for management decisions; and preservation of confidential information. The tasks of the State Service for Education Quality are listed. The directions of improving the quality of education in Ukraine are studied. In order to improve the quality of higher education in Ukraine, the following areas are outlined: strengthening the links of educational institutions with industry and business; improving the tender ratio and security; use of the latest technologies and innovations; defining conditions for exchanges of students and teachers within the EU, etc. The quality of higher education depends on a clear, balanced state management of the education sector and effective management of the higher education institution, its clear and coordinated work in accordance with state standards and requirements for the content of educational services. The scientific novelty of the research results lies in the possibility of outlining new ways to assess the quality of higher education. Conclusions and suggestions. In order to improve the work on increasing the quality of education, the following measures should be taken: to develop recommendations for the implementation of national standards and recommendations for ensuring the quality of higher education in the European area; to increase the international level of Ukraine's participation in the external quality assurance system of education; to increase the level of student participation in the national quality assurance system; to introduce criteria for determining the ongoing monitoring of the quality of higher education, taking into account world, European and national experience, etc.

One of the educational problems faced by the Indonesian people is the low quality of education at every level and unit of education, especially primary and secondary education. In fact, government policies to improve the quality of educational institutions are carried out in various ways. This study aims to obtain a complete picture of the implementation of local government policies in improving the quality of Islamic education in Mandailing Natal Regency with a qualitative approach. The implementation of policies in Mandaling Natal Regency is that policies are formulated into certain action programs and projects that are designed and financed. The program is implemented according to plan. policy Policies or programs are broadly influenced by the content of the policy and the context of its implementation. The whole policy is evaluated by measuring the level of success of the program based on the policy objectives. Policy is seen through its impact on the intended targets, both individuals and groups as well as society.

Distance Learning is an online-based program that gives students additional practice outside the classroom and helps decrease the amount of time it takes inside the classroom to study for the HSE test or to improve English language skills. МЕТОДИКА ВИКЛАДАННЯ У ВИЩІЙ ШКОЛ І 146 Випуск І (81), 2021 Distance education, as a form of education that enables and promotes development of autonomous life-long learning skill, necessary to keep up with rapid changes and development in today’s society, is a concept definitely worth considering. Teaching a foreign language in a distance education system is very challenging, primarily in terms of overcoming the main gap – lack of direct contact between teachers and learners. This paper focuses on the aspect of teaching materials used for ESL in a distance learning system. To ensure the implementation of basic educational programs with high efficiency, the implementation of appropriate reforms in distance and innovative learning, which meet all modern requirements, is a very important process in the development of education. The development of distance learning courses will be useful to ensure equal access to educational opportunities for all students, especially for workers, or for those who study in parallel in other universities in Ukraine or abroad. Private educational organizations and government agencies around the world support the use and development of distance learning by accumulating pedagogical and methodological experience for further development. Distance learning technologies represent many new opportunities for teaching foreign languages, which allow further expanding the range of teaching methods, just as language laboratories, television and computers have increased the standard classroom. It is important to review these distance-learning options to distinguish their ability levels, as these systems have different limitations on the learning process. For example, one-way systems that use only presentations have been criticized for not providing anything other than a video distribution system that could be reproduced by sending 10 videos to students. The lack of direct bilateral interaction, which characterizes many distance education programs, is contrary to the goals of foreign language teaching. However, using this interaction, distance technologies can maintain the integrity of foreign language teaching. Learning strategies that encourage student-teacher dialogue and student autonomy in distance learning situations should be included in learning.

In this study, the opinions of academics who experienced compulsory distance education due to the Covid-19 pandemic and the February 6 earthquakes were examined regarding the new situations encountered and their experiences. Qualitative methods and phenomenology model were used to conduct the research. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview form in April 2024. The study group consisted of 15 academics with different titles working at Anadolu University, Osmangazi University and Eskişehir Technical University in Eskişehir province. The findings indicate that for the two compulsory distance education processes in which the academics are involved, there are negatives such as low quality of education, limited interaction and distance education is not suitable for vocational university education. The most prominent of the instructor-related difficulties faced by academics is the lack of knowledge and experience in distance education technologies. It was emphasized that the most prominent of the student-based difficulties is the low participation of students in the courses and the most prominent of the external-based difficulties is that the infrastructure for distance education is not sufficient and distance education restricts interaction. In this process, it was inevitably observed that academics inevitably developed themselves in distance education, gained new knowledge and experience by making efforts, and that experienced academics adapted more easily, while inexperienced ones had difficulties. However, the inexperienced ones were able to reach the desired results by consulting those who knew better and seeking solutions on their own. In order to continue distance education with high motivation and efficiency, it was concluded that the academics showed dedication to learn the details of distance education, started to use new tools, enriched the content of the course in an interesting way, interacted closely with the students, communicated with them and constantly encouraged them. For this purpose, in live lectures, academics mostly utilized tools such as cameras, microphones, videos, slides and other visuals.

The article reveals the essence of the definition of "quality of education". The essence of notion is analyzed, based on the conceptual foundations of professional education reform. The components of modern professional education are decentralization of management and funding; social partnership in the field of professional education and training and the labor market; quality of professional education. The system model of railway transport specialists education is built and substantiated. The problem of education quality in global European dimension is analyzed. The quality of education today is seen as a process and as a result. On the one hand, the "quality of education" is a process that meets human needs for knowledge and demands of society. On the other hand, "quality of education" is the result of educational institutions activities which allows to assess the level of pupils, students (future specialists) education in accordance with the requirements of educational standards, curricula, etc. The necessary steps to be taken to ensure the quality of higher (professional higher) education are considered and analyzed. The main components of the quality of education are considered and studied. The structure of the definition of "quality of education" is built and substantiated from the standpoint of a systematic approach. The role of monitoring the quality of education is revealed and their functions in professional training and in the educational process are singled out: ascertaining, controlling, strategic. The essence of qualimetry as a science is revealed, which allows to quantify the quality of objects, things, processes, phenomena. The principles of qualimetric science (quality as a synthesis of properties of the studied object or phenomenon; satisfaction of specific needs of an individual or society; degree of satisfaction of needs; specific units of measurement; absolute indicators from experimental results; calculation of relative indicators; weighting factor of each property of the studied object or process, comprehensive quantitative quality assessment). Analysis of the qualimetric model for assessing the quality of education in college was built and carried out (on the example of the Kyiv College of Transport Infrastructure).