РАДИКАЛИЗАЦИЯ ИДЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ СОСТАВЛЯЮЩЕЙ ЭТНОРЕЛИГИОЗНЫХ КОНФЛИКТОВ В СИСТЕМЕ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ

The threats of ethnic, religious, and ethno-religious conflicts have endured in Nigeria and become increasingly alarming in the fourth republic, which started in 1999. Ethno-religious conflicts are hostile engagements where actors and their motivations reflect a combination of ethnic and religious interests. These conflicts are deeply rooted in colonial legacies, ethno-religious-based distributions of power and resources, and failure of the post-colonial state to advance unity in diversity and promote the welfare and security of all citizens without discrimination. Between 1999 and 2021, Nigeria recorded no fewer than 2811 incidences of ethnic conflict with 18,132 fatalities, 3703 incidences of religious conflict with 29,957 fatalities, and 117 incidences of ethno-religious conflict with 2420 fatalities. These conflicts have had negative consequences for the lives and properties of the affected population, political stability, national unity, integration, development, security, and the image of the country internationally. This article examines the threats of ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria’s fourth republic, their causes, manifestations, consequences, and possible ways forward.

This study analyzes the potential threats of the Grey Zone posed through airports and seaports from a national security perspective and proposes corresponding countermeasures. Grey Zone threats operate within an ambiguous space between peace and armed conflict, encompassing a wide range of tactics that are difficult to address effectively through existing security systems and conventional response frameworks. In particular, airports and seaports, as key nodes of national connectivity, play a crucial role in national security. However, due to their inherently open and civilian-oriented characteristics, they face significant vulnerabilities to asymmetric threats. This study systematically examines the risks that may arise in airports and seaports through Grey Zone strategies. Furthermore, by reviewing cases from China, Russia, and other countries, the study demonstrates that airports and seaports are increasingly utilized as primary operational theaters for Grey Zone threats, and it critically assesses the limitations of the Republic of Korea’s current response framework. The analysis reveals that Korea’s existing airport and port security systems lack an integrated response capability tailored to Grey Zone threats and remain dependent on fragmented and reactive measures. Accordingly, this study proposes comprehensive and systematic response strategies to strengthen national resilience against Grey Zone threats, including enhanced interagency coordination, improved information sharing and cooperation mechanisms, and legal and institutional reforms. This research is expected to contribute to reaffirming the security significance of airports and seaports and to providing strategic direction for future national security policies.

This article is dedicated to examination of the impact of social factors upon the state of national economic security, which is a vital segment within the overall system of national security. Insurance of national economic security implies activities aimed at elimination of factors that negatively affect the development and independence of the national economy. Such factors, of internal or external origin, are views as threats to national economic security. The subject of this research is internal threats that emerged as a result of unfavorable socioeconomic policy of the state. The author describes the impact of Turkish socioeconomic policy upon the state of its economic security by means of establishing a causal connection between certain manifestations of the unfavorable socioeconomic policy of the country and the emergence of threats to national economic security. The scientific novelty consists in definition of socioeconomic policy of the state as a factor affecting both, economic and national security. This hypothesis is substantiated by the following conclusions: 1) Effectiveness of socioeconomic policy of the state depends on differentiation of the distribution of benefits in the course of its realization; serving the interests of particular population group results in destabilization of the society and risks of civil confrontation, which leads to negative consequences for the national economy and adversely affects the state of national economic security. 2) Excessive burden on state budget with social and economic expenditures may negatively affect the state of national economy in the conditions of upcoming macroeconomic cataclysms. This is what happened in Turkey, when a substantial part of state budget dragged national economy to the bottom in terms of the United States economic sanctions and subsequent crisis of 2018.

This study is aimed at analyzing the economic security management system in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The purpose of the publication is to determine the evolution of the legal framework for the formation of China’s economic security system, as well as scientific efforts in this area. The author reveals the key approaches of Chinese scholars to understanding economic security, and reflects the disclosure of various aspects of national and economic security in the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China and numerous legal acts. The methodology of the article is based on the use of the methods of analysis and synthesis, retrospective analysis, modeling, legal analysis, induction and deduction. The scientific novelty of the article is to substantiate the criteria for studying the paradigm shift in ensuring economic security as part of China’s national security and, on this basis, to identify four stages of development of the institutional framework for ensuring economic security in the Chinese State. The paper analyzes in detail the concepts and ideas of achieving economic security that have developed in the scientific community of China. The author examines the trends in changes in state policy on national security and the development of social relations in the context of the growing importance of economic security. The authors also study the overall system of economic security, analyze its components and mechanisms of interaction between them. The authors emphasize the transition from the traditional concept of national security, which is mainly based on the military sphere, to a new paradigm with an emphasis on ensuring the economic stability of the country. The author presents the system of Chinese legal acts regulating activities related to national economic security. Particular attention is paid to the possibility of comparing the results of this study with other similar studies in order to develop clearer guidelines for theoretical research and practical activities in the field of national economic security. From the methodological point of view, the article uses a dialectical approach that combines theoretical research methods from various sciences (history, legal analysis) to ensure the depth and breadth of the analysis. The study concludes that strengthening administrative and legal support for economic security will help strengthen China’s position both domestically and internationally. For Ukraine, the approach adopted by the Chinese government will help clarify some theoretical concepts and aspects of economic security practices, providing guidance for the public administration in addressing common problems related to national security.

This article explores opportunities of implementing Zero Trust (ZT) model into organizations with Perimeter-Based security system. It describes changes that occurred in recent years and had an impact on organizations’ corporate security systems. The reasons of the declining relevance of Perimeter-Based model and its shortcomings have been explained. Explained why organizations increasingly adopt Zero Trust in their information security systems and which problems of Perimeter-Based model it solves. Outlined problems that organizations usually encounter during ZT implementation. Presented brief overview of Zero Trust model. This includes a description of its core principles, experts’ perspectives on the model, and considerations regarding its implementation. The specific features of implementing Zero Trust within organizations’ existing security systems have been examined. It has been established that the effective implementation of Zero Trust requires a comprehensive, multi-step approach. The initial steps involve auditing the current state of an organization’s information security and assessing the risks associated with its assets. These preparatory measures aim to define the scope of implementation and identify the organization’s priority needs regarding ZT. The next step is defining and implementation of security policies. It has been established that the main part of implementation process is direct deployment of functionalities that enforce principles of Zero Trust. It begins with developing implementation plan, specifying which security measures will be applied to particular system components and in what sequence. To measure completeness of Zero Trust, an example of “maturity model” has been provided. Additionally, the functionalities whose implementation enforces the principles of Zero Trust, as well as the relationships between them, were presented. This also includes a description of network microsegmentation, the implementation of MFA technologies and IAM (Identity and Access Management) systems, the use of UEM and UDR solutions for device control, as well as SIEM for threat detection and SOAR for automating and coordinating the security system. As a conclusion of the implementation process, the necessity for continuous review and improvement of the security system has been substantiated. Practical examples of Zero Trust implementation have also been examined, demonstrating the effectiveness and relevance of transitioning to a Zero Trust architecture. The results may serve as practical demonstration of capabilities and benefits of transitioning to a ZT security architecture, to provide an understanding of the challenges encountered during its implementation, and define effective and cost-efficient approach to carry out this process.

In today's crisis conditions, the functioning of the Ukrainian economy, its significant shadowing, the corruption of power, the excessive indebtedness of the state, low innovation and investment activity and negative demographic trends, there was a discrepancy between the existing system of economic security and its mechanism of counteracting threats, destructive factors of danger and existing threats, and new, specific, generated by a globalized environment and external aggression. The question about the creation of new models of national economic security, that would be effective in solving the problems of protection from modified traditional and new, specific threats, was raised. Despite the significant developments in the theory of economic security, the problem of timely detection, identification and neutralization of threats to the country's economic security remains unresolved, in particular due to the lack of a unified approach to their classification and systematization, especially with regard to modified traditional and new, specific threats. Efficiency and effectiveness of solving problems of protection against traditional and new threats is due, above all, to the correctness of their systematization and classification. In the article the approaches in the scientific literature to the classification of threats to the economic security of the state and systematization and classification of these threats in the system of economic security of the state, taking into account the trends of the current crisis situation in the economy of Ukraine are summarized. The National Security Strategy of Ukraine, approved by the Decree of the President of Ukraine dated May 26, 2015, No. 287/2015, identified, among other things, the main topical threats to the national security of Ukraine in the economic sphere. However, according to the legislation, the classification of threats to economic security is provided only within the framework of national security and does not take into account, in general, all components of the economic security of the state. At the same time, the scientific literature offers a sufficient number of different criteria for their classification. Having done their generalization, it is possible to classify the actual threats to the economic security of the state by many criteria. Such a multi-criteria classification makes it possible to comprehensively assess the variety of threats, the scale of their manifestation and the sources of their occurrence, for the adoption of managerial decisions of a biased effect on them, and not only to overcome the consequences of the manifestation of these threats. The process of occurrence of threats is complex and complex. It occurs under the influence of certain factors, phenomena and events that act as catalysts of these threats under certain conditions, which constantly and dynamically change in the external and internal environment. At the same time, each threat has its own special, as a prerequisite for the emergence, and the nature of the manifestation and degree of influence on the indicators of economic security of the state. The classification of actual threats to the economic security of the state, taking into account both traditional, known threats, and new, specific, can be used for their identification, classification, determination of causal relationships, sequence and sources of origin, assessment of the extent of their manifestation in planning and implementation of a set of measures to ensure the country's economic security and, accordingly, in creating the latest effective models of national economic security.

Nigeria is a multilingual country comprising peoples of different ethnic, political and religious inclinations, hence the incessant ethno-religious conflicts that lace her trajectory. Different scholarly works have examined ethno-religious conflict in the Nigerian space from the religious, sociological, historical and political perspectives. However, little attention has been given to the phenomenon from the linguistic perspective. This study, therefore, drawing inputs from van Dijk’s Critical Discourse Analysis and Culpeper’s Impoliteness Theory, investigates how Nigerians deploy language in engaging in ethno-religious conflict as evident in their online comments on issues of national interest in the country. Different online comments and reactions of Nigerians to four recent national issues – Apostle Suleman’s alleged ‘sex scandal’, the Southern Kaduna killings in Kaduna, the Yoruba-Hausa crisis in Ife, Osun State, and the issues surrounding the arrest, detention and clamour for the release of Nnamdi Kanu, a strong agitator for the Biafra State, as reported by three online platforms, Sahara Reporters, Vanguard Newspaper and Nairaland.com are purposively selected as data for this study. The findings of the study reveal elements of they (them) versus we (us) ideology and different forms of impoliteness strategies permeate the discourse of online ethno-religious conflict among Nigerians. This is a development that portends a bad omen for the continued peace and unity of the country.

At the present stage, Ukraine faces complex issues related to serious challenges to its State sovereignty and territorial integrity as a result of russian aggression. In this regard, the problems of national security, the search for ways and means to ensure it are of particular relevance. The solution to these problems implies, first of all, the definition of the foundations and principles of national security and defense, the goals and principles of State policy that will guarantee protection from threats to society and every citizen. With this in mind, the aim of this study is to analyze and generalize the regulatory and organizational support of Ukraine’s national security in order to identify shortcomings and develop proposals for its improvement. Based on the analysis of the current legislative and legal frameworks for regulating the development of the national security and defense system of Ukraine, the need to amend and supplement a number of regulations has been proved, taking into account the peculiarities of the legal regime of martial law. It is found that some strategic documents do not fully meet the modern requirements for the functioning of the security and defense sector and do not take into account military risks and threats. As a result of the study, it is determined that for the formation and development of the system of ensuring national security, it is necessary to develop the Conception (Fundamentals) of National Security of Ukraine as a State document that reflects the general idea for the implementation of the State policy in this direction. This conceptual document should define interests, factors that pose threats to national interests and security, areas of activity to protect vital interests and countering the contemporary threats and challenges. While pursuing its objectives, it should include the following constituent elements: identification of objects and subjects of threats to national security in modern conditions; determination of objects of protection; a mechanism for identifying the vital interests of the country, spheres and features of their implementation; identification of subjects whose activities harm the vital interests of the individual, society and the State; determination of signs that indicate the commission of actions that harm the vital national interests of the State; determination of the main factors and conditions prevailing in the field of security; analysis of the features and mechanisms of harm to vital interests; determining the competence and relationships of bodies that carry out activities to ensure national security; formation of a set of measures for the implementation of vital interests in all spheres of life of society; activities to counter threats and localize their consequences (development and implementation of operational and long-term measures to prevent, detect and forecast internal and external threats, as well as neutralize the sources of their origin). In addition, it is expedient to elaborate the Doctrine of National Security of Ukraine as a set of official views on the purpose, functions, principles and methods of ensuring the national security of Ukraine in a specific spheres of life of society (for example, in the military, defense, economic, energy spheres, etc.). Taking into account the best world practices (the experience of Great Britain or the Netherlands), it is necessary to pay special attention to the formation of a system for assessing risks and threats to the national security of Ukraine. For this purpose, it is necessary to develop such regulatory documents as the «National Risk Profile», «National Register of Risks of Emergencies in the Field of Civil Protection», etc. The article builds a structural and logical scheme of the formation of the system of ensuring national security of Ukraine, which allows determining and delimiting the powers of various State structures and bodies in the spheres of national security and defense.

Introduction. The article substantiates and proves the objective necessity of forming a system of vectors for assessing economic security, taking into account the transformational challenges of our time; certain trends in economic security and their key markers, which reflect modern transformation processes, namely: economic, technological, educational trends, socio-political, demographic and environmental. The proposed trends in economic security correspond to modern economic realities and develop the provisions of the concept of national economic security, taking into account new external economic and internal economic and socio-political conditions, challenges and threats to the functioning of the national economy. Goal. The goal of the article is to prepare trends in the approach to the formation of economic security of the state and their key signs that reflect modern transformation processes, namely: economic, technological, trend areas of education, socio-political, demographic and environmental. Results. The article states that during the last decade is actively developing and applies to the application of a risk-oriented approach to the formation of a system of economic security in one country. Within the risk-oriented approach, risks and their potential consequences are constructed by the system of combating danger precisely and the basis of such an approach. The peculiarity of the risk-oriented approach is that it takes into account not only the likely threats, but also the ability of the country to counteract such threats, identifying its potential vulnerability. Relationships between national security and economics increased as globalization and economic integration increased in recent decades. For open economies of the world, these interconnections are manifested as opportunities and possible threats to their national security. It is the definition of "risks vectors" that allows the channels of interactions between economic factors and national security. Relationships between national security and economics increased as globalization and economic integration increased in recent decades. For open economies of the world, these interconnections are manifested as opportunities and possible threats to their national security. It is the definition of "risks vectors" that allows the channels of interactions between economic factors and national security.

SYSTEMIC PRINCIPLES OF NATIONAL SECURITY OF UKRAINE

본 논문에서는 기존의 단일 보안 시스템의 Firewall과 IPS 시스템의 문제점 분석을 통하여 통합보안 시스템 강화가 비용 대비 효율적임을 나타내었다. 문제점 분석 결과 Firewall과 IPS 의 처리 시간 지연과 효율성 부재를 나타냈다. 따라서 개별 Firewall과 IPS 시스템과 통합 시스템으로 성능 평가를 하였다. 평가 결과 기존 시스템 보다 제안한 통합보안시스템이 응답 처리 시간에서는 평균 5배 이상 성능을 나타났고, 초당 세션 처리에서도 5배 이상 그리고 CPU 처리 성능에서는 6배의 처리 속도가 우수함을 나타냈다. 또한 여러 보안 정책들을 수용하였고, 유해 트랙픽 처리에서도 높은 성능을 나타났다. 결론적으로 본 논문에서는 통합 보안 시스템이 개별 시스템 강화 보다 경제적 측면, 관리적 측면, 물리적 측면, 시간적 측면, 공간적 측면 등 여러 측면에서 효율적임을 강조하였다. This paper showed that the integrated system to fortify security was much more efficient than the respective system through the analysis of problems from Firewall and IPS system in the existing security systems. The results of problem analysis revealed that there were the delay of processing time and lack of efficiency in the existing security systems. Accordingly, their performance was evaluated by using the separated Firewall, IPS system, and the integrated system. The result of evaluation shows that the integrated security system this paper suggested is five times faster than the existing one in terms of processing speed of response. This paper demonstrated the excellence of the proposed security system is also more than fivefold in session handling per second and six times process speeding in the CPU processing performance. In addition, several security policies are applied, and it provided a fact that it gave an excellent performance when it comes to protecting from harmful traffic attacks. In conclusion, this paper emphasized that fortifying the integrated security system was more efficient than fortifying the existing one considering in various respects such as cost, management, time, space and so on.

Assessment of potential threats to the energy security of the state based on systematic approach allows management structures of all levels (state, administrative, regional, corporate) to realize the following: 1. to choose the right ways for the development of "statehood", taking into account the guarantee of the principles of energy security at all levels; 2. to take the necessary actions and decisions on the part of the authorities based on the positions of compliance with the principles of energy security; 3. to provide the best possible factors, phenomena and trends that can prevent possible obstacles that, by their nature, in one way or another will complicate the process of implementing state programs, observance of national interests of the state in relation to it; 4. to generate ideas for the implementation of various measures (based on the values of national security) aimed at neutralizing both potential threats and those already being implemented in relation to the national security system of the state. It should be remembered that assessing possible threats to the state's energy security system involves identifying possible threats and risks, analyzing threats and risks, and assessing existing threats and risks. In general, to ensure the principles of guaranteeing the proper level of efficiency and effectiveness of the policy aimed at ensuring the proper level of functioning of the energy security system, it is necessary, first of all, to carry out an organized and comprehensive assessment of the leading indicators of possible risks. These current and potential threats may hurt it. This is followed by identifying the main ways to neutralize the above risks and threats or the consequences caused by them. It is necessary to implement periodic analytical measures regarding the situation in the national energy security system (including its system-forming facilities) based on a systematic approach with the obligatory identification of several priority measures that should be implemented first in case of any critical situation. Implementation of the assessment of potential risks and threats to the energy security of the state will allow: to predict the possible situation of the state's energy security following different types, levels, and scenarios of possible adverse developments; to carry out a comparative analysis of potential risks and threats in different periods, both in the past and for predicting future ones; to implement a choice of possible scenarios, as well as the future strategy of the state to ensure compliance with the principles of proper functioning of the state's energy security; to ensure the development and implementation. Keywords: threats to the security system, consequences for the security system, energy security system, impact of threats to the security system, assessment of possible risks to the security system.

Subject Russia's new national security strategy Significance A new National Security Strategy (NSS) signed off by President Vladimir Putin on December 30 covers a broad range of issues from Russia's place in a dangerous and "imbalanced" world to the economic challenges that the government must tackle. The document accuses the West of backing a "coup" in Ukraine in 2014 and pursuing policies that allowed the Islamic State group (ISG) to emerge. Impacts The characterisation of Western states as hostile will be mirrored in harsher wording in their policy statements on Russia. In an election year, there will be little emphasis on democratic values. Regional and ethnic interests will be subsumed in a 'unitary Russia' narrative.

The maintenance of internal and external security of the state is essentially the primary duty of the government. In Nigeria, this has become imperative in the face of the myriad of threats to her national security from within and outside. Nigeria has been bedeviled by the problem of insecurity caused by armed robbery, political violence, ethno-religious conflicts, Fulani herdsmen, Boko Haram insurgents and the Niger Delta insurgency. For a country trying to nurture her evolving democracy, security threat in whatever form is antithetic to sustainable democracy. This paper therefore, examines the elements of national security, which include but not limited to military, political, economic, and environmental security. It concludes that the myriad of security threats facing the country requires more than military force to resolve in order to achieve true national security. The paper recommended several measures to be put in place by the government to deemphasize its absolute reliance on the military for national security; ranging from the use of other elements of national power, such as diplomacy, negotiation and law enforcement, social and economic equity to environmental justice.

At the beginning of the XXI century, as a result of globalization and the development of the information society, the blurring of borders, and the transformation of the "state sovereignty" concept, international relations have been undergoing tremendous changes and the national and international security system has been evolving. One of the most popular tools for such transformations is the use of the "soft power" methods, which replace the military power of countries. This state of affairs is caused by the fact that states' military resources are limited, which necessitates the search for new means of global, regional, and local influence. Consequently, military operations are being replaced by information campaigns, cultural, educational, scientific, sports, and other projects, all of which combined form the "soft power" tools and contribute to the better positioning of the country that has such tools in the international arena. Furthermore, "soft power" is becoming a means of ensuring national security. In this context, soft power instruments should be considered and the most promising ones for Ukraine in ensuring our country's national security should be identified. Methods. The theoretical and methodological foundation of our research consists of the works by foreign and domestic scholars, devoted to the analysis of "soft power" and its tools, as well as the study of the national security system and its elements. Notably, the issues of the general theory of national security were considered in the works by thinkers: N.