Энергоресурсосберегающие технологии и техника для обработки почвы и посева в засушливых условиях

Abstract

The paper presents results of research on the effective ways and means for tillage and seeding in the cultivation of crops in drought weather conditions. In order to improve the treatment quality, moisture-accumulating capacity and water saving of the soil in cropping technology with minimum tillage, including its final (finish) preparation for sowing with lower power consumption, we proposed new tillage methods. The first method involves post-harvest surface moisture-challenging loosening the stubble to a depth of 3-5 cm, the main non-recourse autumn moisture-absorbing loosening to a depth of 20-30 cm, deep moisture-accumulating Diesel hoeing to a depth of 40-65 cm, the spring surface moisture-closing loosening to a depth of 4-5 cm and moisture-mulching pre-sowing tillage to a depth of 4-5 cm with a seal seed bed and combing the weeds in the stage of “white thread”. The second method comprises the moisture-accumulating phase, which is performed in the autumn, when in the soil a vertical slit with a controllable pitch was made by spade working units and placing them in a staggered manner. Then we perform a second spring moisture-saving phase by solid surface loosening and mulching with rotary tools with working units to a depth of seeding. So that to implement the proposed methods the authors developed a set of tillage and seeding equipment (69 types of devices, 30 types of working units, 35 types of plug-in modules). Their production was mastered. The developed machines provide higher yields by 5 kg per hectare, reduce energy and labor costs up to 50%, have a competitive advantage over domestic and foreign counterparts.