Підходи до розроблення інформаційної технології швидкої ідентифікації екологічного стану об’єктів навколишнього середовища

Ecotoxicological assessment of water quality and ecosystem health: A case study of the Volga River

Dikaryotic mycelia of some basidiomycetes tend to reverse to the monokaryotic condition in culture (Nobles, 1948). Monokaryotization can also be induced by several mechanical and chemical means (Harder, 1927; Aschan, 1952; Fries and Aschan, 1952; Papazian, 1955; Miles and Raper, 1956; Kerruish and Da Costa, 1963). Chemically induced monkaryotization seems to be in all probability a very frequent, but so far little recognized phenomenon in the bio-assays of wood preservatives and in tests for the durability of treated wood. The monokaryotizing efficacy of a few toxic chemicals, including some wood-preservatives, on the dikaryotic mycelia of three common wood-destroying fungi in India, namely, Trametes corrugata (Pers.) Bresl., T. badia (Berk.) Cooke and Hexagonia sulcata Berk. is reported. Reversion can be easily diagnosed, in each species, by the loss of distinct clamp connections of the dikaryotic mycelia. Fructifications of Trametes badia were collected from wood of Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. and those of the other species were from logs of Pterospermum acerifolium Willd. Mycelia grown on 2% Difco malt agar, formed by crossing compatible monosporidial mycelia, were used. The toxic chemicals, sodium taurocholate, sodium arsenate, zinc sulphate, copper sulphate, borax and creosote, were of the best quality commercially available. Requisite amounts of sterilized aqueous solutions of the chemicals were mixed with sterilized agar medium (glucose 2%, Peptone 0.4%, KH2PO4 0.6%, MgSO4 -7H20 0.3%, thiamine hydrochloride 0.003%, agar agar 2%) to give concentrations (w/v) of, 0.001, 0.002, 0.004, 0.008, 0.016, 0.032 and 0.064%. The media were poured in Petri dishes, inoculated at the centre with discs (5 mm 4) of young mycelia and incubated at 300C in darkness for 60 days. Mycelial growth at different concentrations was measured on the basis of linear dimensions. For detection of monocaryotization Monokaryotic mycelia were detected by blending small pieces of mycelium in sterile distilled water (Miles and Raper, 1956), mixing the blended mycelium with molten malt agar (2%) at 450C in a Petri dish and incubating for 10 days at 300C. Ten well-isolated colonies were selected at random and examined for clamp connections. Monokaryotization was also determined using sterilized sapwood-blocks (2 mm X 2 mm X 1 mm) impregnated with different concentrations of toxic substances in water under reduced pressure. The blocks of P. acerifolium were exposed to mycelia of Trametes corrugata and Hexagonia sulcata and those of Casuarina equisetifolia to Trametes badia for 45 days at 30?C. Controls of untreated blocks were kept beside them. Ten pieces (1 mm 4) of woodfrom infected blocks were incubated on malt agar and developing colonies were examined microscopically for clamp connections. To determine whether induced monkaryotic mycelia behaved like normal ones developed

Karst water in northern China is an important water source for economic and social development in its distribution area and water source for ecological function guarantee. With the enhancement of human activities, the water quality of karst water in the north has deteriorated and the bearing capacity of economic activities and social and ecological environment has weakened. The study on the distribution characteristics and source analysis of toxic substances in typical karst springs in northern China is of great practical significance for the sustainable development of karst areas in northern China. Based on the abundant karst water samples, the concentration, detection, and spatial distribution of toxic heavy metals and typical organic substances in karst waters were analyzed, the quality was evaluated, and the source of substances was analyzed. The results show that the toxic substances in karst water in Jinan are mainly distributed in the northern part of the Jinan urban karst water subsystem and Baiquan karst water subsystem in Jinan city, and the detection rate is low in other areas. The main distribution areas of toxic substances in karst water are the northeast and southwest parts of Jinan city. In the recharge area and runoff area of the karst spring area, the contribution rate of toxic substances to the comprehensive quality evaluation of karst water is relatively low and relatively high in the drainage area of the spring area. The organic index contributes more to the comprehensive quality evaluation of karst water. The distribution of toxic substances is related to the historical and current industrial layouts, and industrial discharge or leakage is the primary source of pollutants in karst water. The concentration of toxic substances in karst water has persistence and inheritance. This study enriches the research results on the distribution and sources of toxic substances in typical karst springs in northern China and provides essential data support for scientific understanding of the changes in karst water quality and optimization of water resource management in northern China.

The water demand for human activities is rapidly increasing in developing countries. Under these circumstances, preserving aquatic ecosystems should be a priority which requires the development of quality criteria. In this study we perform a preliminary prioritization of the risky substances based on reported ecotoxicological studies and guidelines for the Biobío watershed (Central Chile). Our specific aims are (1) reviewing the scientific information on the aquatic pollution of this watershed, (2) determining the presence and concentration of potential toxic substances in water, sediment and effluents, (3) searching for quality criteria developed by other countries for the selected substances and (4) prioritizing the most risky substances by means of deterministic ecotoxicological risk assessment. We found that paper and mill industries were the main sources of point pollution, while forestry and agriculture were mostly responsible for non-point pollution. The most risky organic substances in the water column were pentachlorophenol and heptachlor, while the most relevant inorganic ones were aluminum, copper, unionized ammonia and mercury. The most risky organic and inorganic substances in the sediment were phenanthrene and mercury, respectively. Our review highlights that an important effort has been done to monitor pollution in the Biobío watershed. However there are emerging pollutants and banned compounds-especially in sediments-that require to be monitored. We suggest that site-specific water quality criteria and sediment quality criteria should be developed for the Biobío watershed, considering the toxicity of mixtures of chemicals to endemic species, and the high natural background level of aluminum in the Biobío.

Detection of some toxic substances in water is a time consuming process because large number of substances need to be analyzed. When some toxic substances in the drains flow into the river, they cause environmental destruction. Accurate detection of substances which have serious effects on living organism is required as well as short measurement time. Although a sensing system employing living fish is devised, there are some problems in reliability, maintenance and evaluation because they are living thing. It is possible to measure the influence of pollutant for living organism directly by a sensor which is similar to biological systems. So we investigate a method of detection of toxic substances by multichannel lipid membrane sensors which are modeled on living organism.SA401 has multichannel sensor with lipid membranes which are modeled on living organism. It is able to detect some toxic substances in the water. For the reason, this system has been applied to measure water quality, such as, mineral water, tap water, contaminated river water and factory drains. We have found this method is effective and many pollutants (e. g. CN-, Fe3+, Cu2+, etc.), in factory drains, have been measured in a few minutes, the detection limits are lower than regulations of drain. It is possible to detect cyanide of factory drains selectively in short time by applying lipid membrane sensor. In conclusion, it is an effective mean to use multichannel lipid membrane sensors for observation of water quality especially for factory drains.

An environmentally stable supramolecular biosolvent: Characterization and study of its potential for the elimination of polar toxic substances in water

We report a microliter-sized (140 µL) microbial fuel cell (MFC)-based biosensor integrated with a three-electrode configuration and an air-bubble trap, in which microorganisms act as the sensor for toxic substances in water. The small-scale MFC biosensor produced favorable conditions for (i) reducing measurement time by increasing the probability of cell attachment and biofilm formation in the micro-sized chamber and (ii) enhancing sensitivity and reliability by providing a stable anodic potential and preventing air bubbles on the sensing surface. Using formaldehyde as a toxic component, the rapid current responses were obtained over a concentration range from 0.001% to 0.1% in a single chambered MFC biosensor with 0.2 V (versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode) applied on the anode.

A new biological test utilising the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the rapid detection of toxic substances in water

The influence of Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and formaldehyde on rhodopsin-mediated photoelectric responses in the green flagellate Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was investigated using three modifications of a recently developed population method for electrical recording (in nonoriented, phototactically preoriented (PO) and gravitactically preoriented cell suspensions). The addition of the heavy metal ions at concentrations several times lower than those known to affect swimming velocity and other physiological parameters in photosynthetic flagellates led to a rapid (one to several minutes) inhibition of the responses. Formaldehyde induced a significant temporary increase in the gravi-orientation of the cells simultaneously with an inhibition of their photoelectric cascade, photo-orientation and motility. The signals recorded in PO suspensions were more sensitive to all tested toxic substances than those recorded from nonoriented cells and indicated a switch from negative to positive phototaxis in the presence of the toxic substances. Of the two major components of the photoelectric cascade, the regenerative response was more sensitive to the tested heavy metal ions, but not to formaldehyde, than the photoreceptor current. The results obtained show that measurement of the photoinduced electrical responses in Chlamydomonas cell suspensions is a powerful novel bioassay for testing environmental pollutants in water samples.

Water pollution seriously affects human health. Accurate and rapid detection and timely treatment of toxic substances in water are urgently needed. A stacked multilayer electrostatic printing technique was developed for making nanofiber-based microfluidic chips for water-quality testing. Nanofiber membrane matrix structures for microfluidic devices were fabricated by electrospinning. A hydrophobic barrier was then printed through electrostatic wax printing. This process was repeatedly performed to create three-dimensional nanofiber-based microfluidic analysis devices (3D-µNMADs). Flexible printing enabled one-step fabrication without the need for additional alignment or adhesive bonding. Practical applications of 3D-µNMADs include a colorimetric platform to quantitatively detect iron ion concentrations in water. There is also great potential for personalized point-of-care testing. Overall, the devices offer simple fabrication processes, flexible prototyping, potential for mass production, and multi-material integration.

Chapter 10 - Nanoadsorbents for environmental remediation of polluting agents

Vol. 119, No. 5 NewsOpen AccessArsenic and Infectious Disease: A Potential Factor in Morbidity among Bangladeshi Children Angela Spivey Angela Spivey Search for more papers by this author Published:1 May 2011https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.119-a218aCited by:6AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and diarrhea are two of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years old, especially in low-income countries. A new prospective cohort study of the link between these types of infections and arsenic exposure revealed a dose-dependent increase in LRTI and diarrhea in relation to maternal arsenic exposure [EHP119(5):719–724; Rahman et al.].Earlier studies linked prenatal arsenic exposure to increased risk of infant mortality, and infectious disease has been suggested as a potential underlying cause in these deaths. No epidemiologic studies have been conducted to support that explanation, but there is evidence from a few animal and human studies that arsenic may cause immunosuppression.The current study included 1,552 live-born infants of women enrolled during 2002–2004 in Matlab, Bangladesh. Arsenic exposure was assessed by measuring inorganic arsenic in maternal urine samples collected at gestational weeks 8 and 30. After birth, information on symptoms of LRTI and diarrhea in infants was collected at monthly home visits in which mothers recalled symptoms that had occurred over the previous 7 days.The estimated relative risk of LRTI and severe LRTI increased by 69% and 54%, respectively, in the participants whose mothers had urinary arsenic concentrations in the highest quintile (262–977 μg/L), compared with offspring of mothers whose exposure was in the lowest quintile (less than 39 μg/L). The relative risk of diarrhea increased 20% for the highest-exposure group compared with the lowest-exposure group.The authors observed that relative risks of LRTI and diarrhea increased irrespective of sociodemographic factors or nutritional status of the women. However, further evaluation is needed in a larger sample to evaluate possible effect modification, because the risks appeared more pronounced in low social strata.Strengths of the study include the large sample size, the objective measure of arsenic exposure, and the followup of infants for one full year, which the authors say would reduce any influence of seasons on infection rates. Potential limitations include lack of measurements of infant exposure to arsenic, a lack of information about other potentially toxic substances in water and food, and reliance on mothers’ reports of disease symptoms and signs. Given the millions of people worldwide who drink well water with elevated arsenic concentrations, the study results could have serious public health implications and, taken together with previous studies showing health effects from this exposure, emphasize the need to reduce arsenic exposure via drinking water.More than 50 million people in Bangladesh are believed to be chronically exposed to drinking water with arsenic concentrations exceeding the WHO standard of 10 μg/L.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Zheng K, Zeng Z, Tian Q, Huang J, Zhong Q and Huo X (2023) Epidemiological evidence for the effect of environmental heavy metal exposure on the immune system in children, Science of The Total Environment, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161691, (161691), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2023. Taylor S, Terkildsen M, McQuilty R, Lee D, Wing-Simpson A and Gray R (2022) Non-essential heavy metals and protective effects of selenium against mercury toxicity in endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) pups with hookworm disease, Environment International, 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107521, 169, (107521), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2022. Chatterjee S, Chetia M, Voronina A and Gupta D (2017) Prospects of Combating Arsenic: Physico-chemical Aspects Arsenic Contamination in the Environment, 10.1007/978-3-319-54356-7_5, (103-121), . Chatterjee S, Datta S and Gupta D (2017) Studies on Arsenic and Human Health Arsenic Contamination in the Environment, 10.1007/978-3-319-54356-7_3, (37-66), . Choudhury S, Gupta P, Ghosh S, Mukherjee S, Chakraborty P, Chatterji U and Chattopadhyay S (2016) Arsenic-induced dose-dependent modulation of the NF-κB/IL-6 axis in thymocytes triggers differential immune responses, Toxicology, 10.1016/j.tox.2016.06.005, 357-358, (85-96), Online publication date: 1-May-2016. Naujokas M, Anderson B, Ahsan H, Aposhian H, Graziano J, Thompson C and Suk W (2013) The Broad Scope of Health Effects from Chronic Arsenic Exposure: Update on a Worldwide Public Health Problem, Environmental Health Perspectives, 121:3, (295-302), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2013. Vol. 119, No. 5 May 2011Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Originally published1 May 2011Published in print1 May 2011 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. 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Recently, the production of plastics has increased several times and the demand for plastic materials continues to grow, which leads to an increase in plastic waste, which creates a number of environmental problems, as well as the potential for the waste management industry. The article considers the issues of environmental pollution due to the increase in the amount of plastic waste, their accumulation with an emphasis on various chemicals contained in plastic products to improve the properties of polymers and extend their service life. The qualitative and quantitative composition of additives, such as plasticizers, flame retardants, heat stabilizers, functional additives, dyes and fillers, which may contain heavy metals, halogens, fluorine, tosho. The impact of plastic waste on the environment and the impact on public health have been established, and the ways in which harmful substances enter the environment have been identified. Methods for detecting toxic substances in water, air and soil, and some harmful substances released from plastic products in different conditions are considered.
 The release of chemicals into the environment occurs during various processes of plastic waste management, as well as from products made from secondary raw materials. Therefore, the rational collection, transportation, sorting, storage, disposal, disposal and disposal should be carried out in such a way as to exclude the formation and release of harmful substances at every stage, ensuring continuous protection of the environment and human health, such as personnel working at sorting stations or at waste processing plants. The detection of hazardous substances in the environment and waste processing products is recognized, therefore the methodology of ensuring the safety of plastic waste management at all stages is proposed.

Coastal inland water receive discharges from different sources including industrial plants, sewage drainage, atmospheric pollution and other natural sources which lead to heavy metal pollution (Bryan, 1971). Heavy metals can affect the aquatic organisms as toxic substances in water and sediment or as a toxicant in the food chain (Zyadah, 1995). Cichlidae and Mugilidae are widely distributed in the Egyptian inland waters. They are the main source of fish food and are economically important in inland fisheries and aquaculture resources in Egypt. Mysis sp. is considered a main source of fish food. The objective of this study is to measure the toxicity of Cu, Zn & Cd in T. zillii, M. cephalus and Mysis sp., to determine the bioaccumulation rate in the fish, as well as LC50 and total mortality of each species.

Microalgae are mainly known for their high nutritional value, protein and lipid content. They are used to enrich animal feeds and are recommended as food supplements in the human diet. Nowadays, it is possible to design the cultivation conditions of microalgae in order to produce them with the specific characteristics desired. Since this is so important, the aim of this work is to present the progress made by different research groups on the best cultivation conditions to optimize the intensive production of microalgae. It also presents the most recent lines of research on the use of microalgae for the care of the environment, their potential application in the remediation of air pollution, as well as their use in the removal of various toxic substances in water. The methodology used was to make an exhaustive bibliographic review of books, journals, theses and articles on the subject, showing in a simple, clear and summarized way that microalgae are an option of 100% natural use of multiple benefits in the protection and restoration of ecosystems, in addition to being a sustainable alternative to other technological options for the remediation of water and air pollution.