Концептуальные подходы, методические и экономические инструменты оценки функционирования и развития рынка услуг городского туризма

PurposeThis paper aims to respond to the strong calls for interdisciplinary solutions to address the many and varied challenges that major disasters create in urban (tourism) spaces, and provide a holistic conceptualisation of organisational responses to disruptions in the external business environment. It argues that organisations need to actively (re)formulate a sustainable business proposition to passively adapt to environmental conditions and modify the selective environment.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a qualitative approach to introducing and examining the concepts and theoretical constructs underpinning the proposed conceptual schemata. The content-driven inductive approach used here is based on an extensive review of the disaster recovery, crisis management, entrepreneurial strategy and urban tourism literature with a focus on organisational perspectives. It systematically brings together the theories and research findings from these separate strands of literature.FindingsWhile the extant literature focuses on the importance of effective adaptability to survive and thrive in environmental uncertainties, some aspects of the relevant evolutionary processes are not addressed in the context of urban tourism. Indeed, a systematic approach that questions how urban tourism and hospitality businesses react to crises has been long overdue. This paper, therefore, introduces niche construction theory (NCT) as an alternative and proposes an integrated framework to understand the environmental conditions of urban tourism and organisational evolution during post-disaster turbulence.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed model emerging from a multidisciplinary literature review acknowledges boundary conditions in the tourism industry-specific interpretation of a crisis situation. The tenets of NCT need to be adopted flexibly rather than as part of a strictly prescriptive process to allow for all aspects of the related business responses to play out and become exposed to the emerging selection pressures.Practical implicationsThe argument underpinned by the theoretical constructs of niche construction encourages and offers a framework for practitioners to actively (re)formulate business proposition and (re)construct organisational niche to survive post-disaster turbulence in the business environment and exert influence over their own evolution.Originality/valueThis paper offers different angles, filters and lenses for constructing and interpreting knowledge of organisational evolution in the context of crisis management. The conceptual schema (Figure 2) emerged as a novel contribution itself providing a necessary lens to interpret the empirical data and understand the complexities of the organisational responses to the disruptive post-disaster turbulence in an urban tourism business environment.

This chapter addresses opportunities and challenges in urban planning by implementing the concept of ecosystem services in an urban tourism and destination development context. In analysing ecosystem services in urban tourism, we contribute to an emerging literature focusing on urban ecosystem services. An important research gap is also addressed; despite the importance of tourism for cities, there is hardly anything written about the relationship between urban tourism and ecosystem services. This chapter first examines the concept of ecosystem services in relation to the development of urban green infrastructure, primarily based on a literature review. Thereafter, two case studies are conducted in cities in the south of Sweden, to examine the development of green infrastructure in practice. These studies are based on a combination of document analysis, interviews, and on-site observations. In this chapter, it is argued that ecosystem services is a fruitful concept for understanding sustainability challenges in relation to urban tourism. Ecosystem services can also be used as a framework for developing management solutions in urban tourism, aiming both at adapting to effects of climate change and at enhancing tourist experiences in urban environments.

The purpose of this research was to find out the diversity of potential cultural attractions in Nairobi urban tourism destination. Today cities are tapping into diverse sources to increase international visitor arrivals as well as their spending. Cultural tourism and urban entertainment are the greatest motivation for urban tourism since culture is a fundamental component within the tourism system. The subjects of interest in this study for quantitative data consisted of foreign departing tourists through Kenya’s biggest airport - Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) located in Nairobi. To get a complete picture of the research, the study also employed qualitative approach, specifically; in-depth interviews with public and private sector stakeholders to answer questions on key areas. The research found out there was a weak motivation to cultural attractions despite their proximity to the CBD. Thus, Nairobi urban cultural tourism destination managers should ensure that urban cultural attractions have the highest score if a definite visitor appeal is to be created, realized, and maintained for continued and repeat visitor visitation. The findings of this research have provided invaluable understanding on the opportunities available to cultural attractions available in Nairobi. This information can be used by private and public stakeholders to develop clear policies and collaborations on urban cultural tourism development.

Participating in tourism activities in crowded areas such as cities during the COVID-19 pandemic represents a risk. This study examined the demographic and psychological features of Taiwanese domestic urban tourists during the pandemic in 2021. The theoretical framework was based on push–pull motivation, self-concordance, and push–pull–mooring theories. The 680 valid questionnaire responses indicated that the respondents were generally interested in domestic urban tourism despite the pandemic threat. Moreover, 187 respondents regarded themselves as urban tourism seekers. Their demographic features were consistent with the typical primary urban tourism market profile: they were young, highly educated, and employed in skilled occupations. In terms of psychological features, the push factors, representing the individuals' intrinsic urban tourism motivations, were more potent than the pull factors, representing a city's tourism opportunities, as motivational drivers for increasing seekers' urban tourism intention during the pandemic. The methodology and findings of this study strengthen the literature on urban tourism and pandemic recovery.

The article considers the features of development of territorial branding in the city of Kazan and in the Republic of Tatarstan. The stages of creation of brands of Kazan, Sviyazhsk and Bolgar, as well as the brands of the Republic of Tatarstan “Heritage of Tatarstan” and “Visit Tatarstan” are researched. The main components of the brand “Heritage of Tatarstan” have been identified and described. The paper shows, that in order to improve the efficiency of territorial branding, the new brand “Visit Tatarstan” was created in the Republic of Tatarstan in 2016. It is designed to complement and strengthen the brand “Heritage of Tatarstan”, which has already existed since 2014. The article reveals the most important tasks of the brand “Visit Tatarstan”, and defines the features of its visual style. The implementation of the project involves two directions - external and internal. The first is based on the advertising program, the second combines all the components of tourism: souvenirs, national attractions and travel agencies.The role of territorial branding in the development of various types of tourism in the Republic of Tatarstan is shown. Thus, the article concludes that the formation of modern territorial brands can give a big return in the form of creation of effective tourist destination in the region. Moreover, this positive experience in the near future can be successfully used not only in the Republic of Tatarstan, but also in other regions of the Russian Federation.

Urban services played increasing important role in China’s economy. The economic marketization and internalization reform had greatly improved China’s institutional environment, which contribute significantly to urban services growth. However, the effects of institutional environment factors on urban services growth are practically neglected. Therefore, to answer what are the institutional environment factors and how their effects on urban services growth in China, the paper selected urban services marketization and openness (FDI) level as institutional variables. Basing on data of 2009-2013 from 286 cities, the hierarchical multiple regression techniques was used to evaluate the effects of institutional factor. The findings indicated that both services marketization and openness level had significantly positive effects on urban services growth. In addition, it was found that a preferential policy was also important in services growth. This had policies implications that the government should implement strategies towards a more balanced urban services growth with specific priority on strategies to improve the urban services marketization and their openness level.

Surakarta is a high tourist attraction due to its local wisdom, associated with tangible and intangible cultural heritage. Gatot Subroto-Ngarsopuro corridor in Surakarta is the regional tourism development area (KPPD) and regional tourism strategic area (KSPD) with urban art urban tourism concept. Urban art aims to enhance the beauty of a city by strenghtening the city’s attractiveness and characteristics. The concept of urban tourism has elements that need to be considered, which can be a measure of its success. This paper aims to determine the suitability of urban art in the Gatot Subroto-Ngarsopuro Corridor of Surakarta to the components of urban tourism. This research uses a deductive approach with a quantitative descriptive research type applied with two components of suitability, namely the availability and existence of urban art in meeting the components of urban tourism. Based on the result of suitability scoring, it shows that the percentage of suitability is 86,66%, which indicates that the Gatot Subroto-Ngarsopuro Street Corridor of Surakarta City has very high suitability in its role as urban tourism. Â

Cities offer the advantage of allowing diverse tourist attractions to be visited in a specific location without the need to travel long distances. Historical sites, vibrant cultural practices, sports facilities, shopping centres and business tourism facilities, along with easy access and places to stay, have made cities the centre of attraction. Although urban tourism research dates back to the 1960s, it has disproportionately received meagre attention from scholars, especially in Africa. The extant literature on urban tourism is quite fragmented and limited to major cities of the world. There is thus a dearth of urban tourism research in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Addis Ababa is endowed with rich cultural, historical and religious treasures and serves as a gateway for international visitors to the country. It is also the third diplomatic city of the world, after New York and Geneva, providing immense opportunity for business tourism. Notwithstanding its untapped potential, the city is not sufficiently benefiting from the tourism sector. The main aim of this research is, therefore, to discuss the nature, challenges and opportunities of urban tourism development in Africa with specific reference to Addis Ababa. To this end, data were gathered using semi-structured interviews and document analysis (mainly policy documents, statistical bulletins and research outputs). The research findings indicate that urban tourism in Addis Ababa is still not well developed. The major supply related factors affecting urban tourism in the city are lack of professional service offered by accommodation establishments, a hospitality industry often dominated by substandard hotels incapable of satisfying customer demands, insufficient budget allocated to protect and conserve heritage, lack of diversified tourism products, weak promotion, lack of well qualified tourism and hospitality manpower, hassle and pickpocketing problems, and infrastructural problems such as substandard roads, power cuts and a poor telecom network. These problems are further compounded by the absence of a stakeholder collaboration framework, which leads to the duplication of activities, the loss of precious cultural heritage and, overall, weakens the synergistic effects. Due to these, the number of tourist arrivals in Ethiopia is still below one million, which is far less than other African cities. There should thus be a concerted effort by the government and private sector to tackle the abovementioned setbacks.

The condition of urban tourism development, including the urban tourism resources, accessibility, visitor perceptions, cognitions, market segmentation, market demand and market competitors are analyzed. Then based on the current status of the development of urban tourism, the urban tourism product development and makes systematic study of each category is classified so as to arrive at the general idea of urban tourism product development. Qingdao urban tourism product development is selected as an example to analyze the condition of Qingdao urban tourism product development, and based on the current status and questions of Qingdao urban tourism product development, the enhancement suggestions of its development is proposed to improve the research system.

It is obvious that with the tourism activities more and more popular, individual, and normal, tourists’ demand for tourism public service is more intense. How to provide the tourists with an efficient urban tourism industry. This article is about the analysis of the constructional situation in Chinese urban tourism public service system at present time, in the article the ideas of the construction of Urumqi urban tourism public service system were discussed, at the same time, the corresponding solutions was put forward.

It is obvious that with the tourism activities more and more popular, individual, and normal, tourists' demand for tourism public service is more intense. How to provide the tourists with an efficient urban tourism industry. This article is about the analysis of the constructional situation in Chinese urban tourism public service system at present time, in the article the ideas of the construction of Urumqi urban tourism public service system were discussed, at the same time, the corresponding solutions was put forward.

Purpose: aim of article is role and influence of tourism on development of economy at all levels of economic system (example: Republic of Crimea). The article considers methodology for analyzing indices of social and economic growth in branch of Republic of Crimea. The role and influence of tourism on economy is considered. Tasks of article: analysis of works of foreign and domestic scientists on role and influence of tourism on development of economy; to conduct an analysis of sectoral structure of gross value added of Russian Federation; describe growth of socio-economic indicators; identify stages of methodology for analyzing indicators of social and economic growth of tourist industry; to give an analysis of indicators characterizing socioeconomic growth of tourist industry of Republic of Crimea; construct dependence of amount of amounts of investment projects on number of tourists who visited Republic of Crimea. Methods: dialectical method of scientific cognition was applied in studying role and influence of tourism on development of economy, calculation and analytical methods for monitoring, measuring, analyzing and comparing indicators that characterize social and economic growth of tourist industry of Republic of Crimea. Results: in modern conditions, development of tourism sector, as a source of sustainable development of state economy, acquires priority development. The tourism industry has a huge impact on economy of region, being locomotive of development of many other branches of management and providing non-raw budget receipts. The analysis of works of foreign and domestic scientists makes it possible to talk about integrated mechanism of role and influence of tourism on development of economy at all levels of economic system and, in general, national economy of country. Its essence is as follows: gradual increase in socio-economic standard of living of country's population increases its needs for rest and leisure, which increases domestic and outbound tourist flows. The coefficient of determination R² = 0.0191 showed that 1.91% of variation of declared amount of investment projects, applications is due to variation in sign the number of tourists who visited Republic of Crimea, and 98.09% of variation is already associated with impact of other factors not taken into account. Conclusions and Relevance: spread of tourism is becoming a stimulating factor for development of tourism services sector: tourism industry is growing in budget, number of employees in tourism sector is growing. Increased investment in tourism sector leads to creation of tourist facilities and development of tourism infrastructure, increases attractiveness of national sector of tourism services. This stimulates growth of domestic and incoming tourist flows and ensures an increase in country's socio-economic development. The social and economic growth of sector as a whole is promoted by institutional support, developed state regulatory and legal regulation in sphere of tourism, interaction of public-private partnerships, staffing, diversification of tourism products through development of various types of tourism, thereby eliminating reason for seasonality of tourism enterprises and increasing income.

The growing attention on urban tourism was very widespread. There are two angles to study urban tourism: supply-side and demand-side. And the supply-side of the tourism remains very important. The RBD (Recreation Business District) is a useful framework to understand the components of urban tourism and how they fit together. The paper begins with a review on the RBD and the spatial structure of tourism in urban areas and then attempts to develop a more general understanding of the spatial structure evolution of RBDs in a tourist-historic city—Suzhou. The spatial structures and functions of the RBDs in Suzhou are examined, based on field observations, interviews with city officials and industry leaders, and a review of available documents. The urban tourism of Suzhou has developed in a range of contexts, that various types of RBDs have emerged as a result of different urban development strategies. The spatial structure has evolved from the past "Single-cored Structure" to "Double-cored Structure" at present, and then to "Chain Structure" in the future. The spatial form and evolution of RBD in Suzhou are closely relative with its urban spatial expansion. Urban area dispersal is the prerequisite of the emergence of the RBD. Planning and constructing the RBD becomes a new impetus to urban growth or renewal. Finally, a number of strategies for planning and developing the RBD in Suzhou are suggested. The different RBDs should adopt different strategies. Intensification can be the possible strategy for the RBDs in the ancient city. Accreting with the urban theme park or engrafting on the Jinji Lake is suggested respectively for the RBD in the Suzhou New District and the Suzhou Industrial Park.

Integrated urban services: Experience from four cities on different continents

The tourism industry has advantages and disadvantages that are evident in South Africa. One of the disadvantages in Cape Town is the growth of particularly urban tourism that has displaced domestic tourists due to the high prices charged. The development of the domestic tourism market is challenged by the dominant unemployment, poverty, and inequality that are affecting the South African economy. Yet, tourism consumption requires the availability of discretionary income as a necessary condition to afford to procure and consume tourism offerings. Government support is visible in the industry as it has the ability to create jobs and opportunities for entrepreneurs. Even though three cities in South Africa, Cape Town, Durban, and Johannesburg, dominate the urban tourism market, this can also be reflected in the flight frequencies via Johannesburg, which is the regional hub for Southern Africa.