Structure Of ZrO2 Research Articles

Synthesis and Characterization of bioactive composite coating on Titanium by PVD for biomedical application

Many techniques for surface modification of metals and its alloys have been proposed to improve its mechanical strength and bioactivity. This paper incorporates an overview of surface modification of Ti with Hydroxyapatite (HAp) and Zirconium (Zr) as an osteoconductive compound. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique was used for coating on the Ti substrate with three different weight percentages of HAp and Zr. The characterization of the modified Ti substrate was done by XRD, FESEM, AFM and the biological behavior such as calcium deposition and hemocompatibility of the coating were also analyzed.Thehighly crystalline nature hexagonal structure of HAp and monoclinic structure of ZrO2 were identified by XRD. Larger particle were observed under FESEM and AFM result showed the roughness of films increased from 60 to till 103 nm. The bioactive coating showed excellent biological behavior on modified Ti substrate.

Up/Down-Conversion Luminescence of Er3+ Doped ZrO2·Al2O3 Powder

ZrO2·Al2O3:Er powder was synthesized by the conventional solid-state reaction method. All the synthesized materials were monoclinic structure of ZrO2 (m-ZrO2) and Al2O3 phases. Scanning electron microscope images showed the spherical particles with diameter of ∼ (30–200) nm. The down-conversion luminescence spectra excited by 380 nm shows near infrared emission band is centered at 1540 nm, corresponding to the transitions of 4I13/2–4I15/2 of Er3+ ions. Under the excitation of a 976 nm laser diode, the up-conversion luminescence spectra of the samples show a red emission band at ∼ 680 nm and a green emission band at ∼ 565 nm, corresponding to the transitions of 4F9/2–4I15/2, 4S3/2–4I15/2, of Er3+ ions, respectively. The dependence of up and down-conversion luminescence properties on dopant concentrations, annealing temperature and Al2O3 concentrations are investigated. These results suggested that this phosphor is a very promising material for light emission and bioimaging.

Facile precipitation synthesis, structural, morphological, photoluminescence and photocatalytic properties of Ni doped ZrO2 nanoparticles

In this study, Pure ZrO2 (600 °C) and Ni (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.8 M) doped ZrO2 (600 °C) nanoparticles were obtained by facile precipitation method. The obtained products have been characterized by XRD, FTIR, UV-DRS, PL, FESEM-EDX, TEM-SAED pattern and XPS. The tetragonal structure of ZrO2 (600 °C) gradually increases with the increasing Ni doping concentration and then a small NiO diffraction peak was detected at increasing Ni content. The Ni (0.08 M) doped ZrO2 (600 °C) nanoparticles were approximately in spherical morphology was confirmed by FESEM and TEM results. The energy gap value of the pure ZrO2 (600 °C) and Ni doped ZrO2 (600 °C) nanoparticles decreased from 5.12 to 3.2 eV with enhancing nickel concentration. The surface defects and oxygen vacancies were analyzed by PL spectroscopy. This peak intensity gradually decreased with increase in nickel concentration. The photocatalytic activities of the Ni (0.08 M) doped ZrO2 (600 °C) catalysts were studied by the photodegradation of MV and MB aqueous solution under sunlight irradiation. The Ni (0.08 M) doped ZrO2 (600 °C) catalyst exhibited good photocatalytic efficiency and the enhanced photocatalytic mechanism was discussed.

Homologous substrate-temperature dependence of structure and properties of TiO2, ZrO2, and HfO2 thin films deposited by reactive sputtering

Group 4 metal oxides TiO2, ZrO2, and HfO2 were deposited on glass substrates at substrate temperatures ranging from 100 to 800 °C by reactive direct current magnetron sputtering using an Ar and O2 mixture as discharge gas. On the basis of the obtained cross-sectional and surface morphologies, crystallographic structures, and film properties, the homologous substrate-temperature dependence of the film structure and properties for the sputter-deposited metal oxide thin films are discussed. The x-ray diffraction measurements show the diffraction patterns characteristic of the anatase (tetragonal) structure at substrate temperatures below 400 °C and those of the rutile (tetragonal) structure at substrate temperatures above 600 °C for TiO2 thin films and the patterns attributable to the monoclinic structure with 〈−111〉 orientation for ZrO2 and HfO2 thin films. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations show voided columnar structures with rough surfaces for TiO2 thin films and fine columnar structures with smooth surfaces for ZrO2 and HfO2 thin films, which is supported by the results obtained from atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. The quantitative data on the lattice strain, crystallite size, surface roughness, and refractive index are plotted against the homologous substrate temperature, Tsub/Tm (Tsub: substrate temperature and Tm: melting point of thin film materials). The lattice strain reaches approximately zero at Tsub/Tm = 0.3–0.35, suggesting that the residual stress is relaxed at this point, and the crystallite size reaches a plateau at the same range of Tsub/Tm. The surface roughness increases sharply after passing Tsub/Tm = 0.25–0.30, and the refractive index shows a rise at Tsub/Tm = 0.30–0.35. The images obtained by SEM and AFM are categorized based on the property transition observed in the quantitative property changes. The data obtained in this work are utilized to systematically study the effectiveness and appropriateness of the homologous (normalized) substrate temperature to explain the changes in structure, morphology, and properties of oxide thin films. Furthermore, it is suggested that the structure zone model, which is normally applied to sputtered metal films, is also applicable to sputtered oxide thin films.

A facile microwave synthesis of rGO, ZrO2 and rGO–ZrO2 nanocomposite and their room temperature gas sensing properties

Microwave irradiation technique provides a simple and quick synthesis route for nanomaterials at controlled experimental conditions. In this view, nanostructures of rGO, ZrO2, and rGO–ZrO2 composite were synthesized using microwave synthesis technique. Herein, we experimented the preparation of rGO using optimized conditions using convection mode at 373 K in a commercial microwave oven. Structural properties revealed the formation of mixed phases of the orthorhombic and rhombohedral crystal structure of ZrO2. The preferential plane orientation was found to be in c-axis (002) for rGO–ZrO2 nanocomposite, which revealed the predominance of rGO in the nanocomposite. Morphology of the prepared nanostructures exhibited agglomerated sheets, denser nanograins and randomly aggregated nanosheets for rGO, ZrO2, and mixed nanocomposite respectively. Room temperature gas sensing properties of the prepared nanostructures were investigated and reported. rGO showed responses of 5.3 and 5.2 towards 200 ppm of trimethylamine (TMA) and methanol. ZrO2 nanostructure showed a response of 35 towards 200 ppm of ammonia with response–recovery times of 91 and 6 s.

Different Radiation Tolerances of Ultrafine-Grained Zirconia-Magnesia Composite Ceramics with Different Grain Sizes.

Developing high-radiation-tolerant inert matrix fuel (IMF) with a long lifetime is important for advanced fission nuclear systems. In this work, we combined zirconia (ZrO2) with magnesia (MgO) to form ultrafine-grained ZrO2–MgO composite ceramics. On the one hand, the formation of phase interfaces can stabilize the structure of ZrO2 as well as inhibiting excessive coarsening of grains. On the other hand, the grain refinement of the composite ceramics can increase the defect sinks. Two kinds of composite ceramics with different grain sizes were prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS), and their radiation damage behaviors were evaluated by helium (He) and xenon (Xe) ion irradiation. It was found that these dual-phase composite ceramics had better radiation tolerance than the pure yttria-stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) and MgO. Regarding He+ ion irradiation with low displacement damage, the ZrO2–MgO composite ceramic with smaller grain size had a better ability to manage He bubbles than the composite ceramic with larger grain size. However, the ZrO2–MgO composite ceramic with a larger grain size could withstand higher displacement damage in the phase transformation under heavy ion irradiation. Therefore, the balance in managing He bubbles and phase stability should be considered in choosing suitable grain sizes.

Innovative visible light photocatalytic activity for V-doped ZrO2 structure: optical, morphological, and magnetic properties

A new visible light sensitive photocatalysts based on Zr1−xVXO2 (x = 1, 3, 5, and 7) compositions for treatment of organic dyes in wastewater were investigated. Pure and V-doped ZrO2 samples were prepared by sol–gel techniques. The XRD results of the pure ZrO2 confirmed the formation of single phase tetragonal structure. Dopant-induced structure transition from the tetragonal to monoclinic phase. Based on SEM micrographs, mixture of spherical-nanorods architectures was formed in all samples with a volume ratio related to V concentration. Enhanced visible light absorption and an amazing red shift in the absorption edge were noticed in V doped ZrO2 samples. The magnetic properties of V doped ZrO2 exhibited room temperature ferromagnetism with varied hysteresis loops shape. Zr0.97V0.03O2 structure revealed a notable ferromagnetism with complete saturation magnetization of 0.038 emu/g and coercivity of 1200 Oe. Except Zr0.93V0.07O2 structure, all V doped ZrO2 samples showed significant photocatalytic activity when irradiated with visible light. The highest photocatalytic efficiency, ~100%, for methylene blue (MB) dye degradation was achieved through Zr0.95V0.05O2 catalyst under visible light irradiation time of 150 minutes. Vanadium played a major role in oxygen vacancies formation and separation of photo-induced electron–hole pairs which enriched the visible light photocatalytic activity.

Template Assisted Microwave Synthesis of rGO-ZrO₂ Composites: Efficient Photocatalysts Under Visible Light.

In this research, cetyltetraethyl ammonium bromide template assisted microwave procedure was utilized to synthesize reduced graphene oxide-zirconia (rGO-ZrO₂) nanocomposites by varying the rGO composition (1, 2, 5 and 10 wt%). The physico-chemical characteristics of the nanocomposites were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffusive reflectance ultraviolet-visible (DRUV-vis), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and N2-physisorption techniques. The results from XRD, Raman and DSC studies indicate that the increase in rGO concentration resulted in the delay in ZrO₂ crystallization temperature and alteration of ZrO₂ phase from monoclinic to tetragonal due to an effective incorporation of rGO nanosheets in ZrO₂ structure. The rGO loading also have an influence in the morphology of nanocomposites, as sample with 10 wt% rGO possessed unique monolith like morphology with macro pores. All the nanocomposites were utilized as photocatalysts for degradation of crystal violet dye in visible light irradiation. The rGO-ZrO₂ nanocomposites showed high reaction rates; the nanocomposite with 5 wt% rGO showed the superior photocatalytic performance as this sample possessed low band gap energy, high surface area, pore volume and presence of surface rGO-ZrO₂ interactive species as well as the reactive -OH groups. In addition, the synthesized nanocomposites exhibited excellent recyclability for photocatalytic degradation.

Studi Kestabilan Zirkonia Terdoping Kation Trivalen melalui Pemodelan Atomistik

The aim of this research was to study the stability of the structure of the ZrO2 doped with trivalent oxide Zr1-xMxO2-δ (M = La3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Y3+, Er3+, Yb3+ and Lu3+ through atomistic modelling and bond valence sum method. Short range potential used in this study was Buckinghams’ potential. Result of geometry optimization at constant pressure shown both cell parameters of ZrO2 was in good agreement with experimental results because of the difference was only 0.11%. Increasing the concentration and the size of substituting dopant of ZrO2 makes the lattice energy of the doped structure was more positive so that the stability of the doped ZrO2 structure decreases. The decrease in the stability of ZrO2 doped with Y3+, Er3+, Yb3+ and Lu3+was smaller than ZrO2 doped with La3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Eu3+ and Gd3+. BVS results shown that the structure of ZrO2 doped with La3+was not appropriate because it has different value of BVS was more than 0.1

One pot facile green synthesis of crystalline bio-ZrO2 nanoparticles using Acinetobacter sp. KCSI1 under room temperature.

In this study, crystalline ZrO2 nanoparticles were synthesized in one pot at room temperature using an extremophilic Acinetobacter sp. KCSI1 and characterized using various techniques to study its structural, optical and crystalline properties. The average size of the ZrO2 nanoparticles was found to be 44 ± 7 nm. The XRD and Raman spectra showed the crystalline structure of ZrO2. HRTEM and SAED images showed well aligned ordered crystal lattice nanoparticles. The zeta potential of Bio-NP of ZrO2 has been found to be 36.5 ± 5.46 mV. The mechanical behaviour such as hardness and Young's modulus of Bio-ZrO2 NPs were determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and found to be 9.206 ± 2.22 and 0.285 ± 0.13 GPa, respectively. No significant cytotoxicity for ZrO2 nanoparticles was observed when tested with mouse fibroblast cells (L929), suggesting that the synthesized ZrO2 nanoparticle is biocompatible and safe for environmental applications.

Polymorphism and Phase Transitions in t-ZrO2/CoFe2O4 Composite Structures: Impact of Composition and Heat Treatments

A series of Zr4+, Y3+, Fe3+, and Co2+ combinations in solution form and their subsequent potential to yield the desired ZrO2/CoFe2O4 composite that possesses better structural stability at 1300 °C have been presented. The results emphasized the combined effect of heat treatment temperatures and concentration variations in Fe3+/Co2+ to retain tetragonal ZrO2 (t-ZrO2) and CoFe2O4 structures. The incidence of a gradual m- → t-ZrO2 transition alongside the enhanced phase yield of CoFe2O4 is determined. Despite the invariable presence of 8 mol % of Y2O3 in all the investigated systems, the results revealed the inability to establish t-ZrO2 stabilization at 900 and 1100 °C. XPS analysis confirms the oxidation states of iron, yttrium, cobalt, and zirconium in their respective 3+, 3+, 2+, and 4+ in the ZrO2/CoFe2O4 composite. Morphological analysis revealed the presence of distinct grains pertinent to ZrO2 and CoFe2O4 alongside pore free microstructures. The resultant microstructures demonstrated better hardness and Young’s modulus values, and moreover, the gradual increment in the phase content of CoFe2O4 in the composite revealed a corresponding surge in the ferrimagnetic features.

Enhanced sulfur‐resistant methanation performance over MoO3–ZrO2 catalyst prepared by solution combustion method

Sulfur‐resistant methanation of syngas was studied over MoO3–ZrO2 catalysts at 400°C. The MoO3–ZrO2 solid‐solution catalysts were prepared using the solution combustion method by varying MoO3 content and temperature. The 15MoO3–ZrO2 catalyst achieved the highest methanation performance with CO conversion up to 80% at 400°C. The structure of ZrO2 and dispersed MoO3 species was characterized using X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The energy‐dispersive spectrum of the 15MoO3–ZrO2 catalyst showed that the solution combustion method gave well‐dispersed MoO3 particles on the surface of ZrO2. The structure of the catalysts depends on the Mo surface density. It was observed that in the 15MoO3–ZrO2 catalyst the Mo surface density of 4.2 Mo atoms nm−2 approaches the theoretical monolayer capacity of 5 Mo atoms nm−2. The addition of a small amount of MoO3 to ZrO2 led to higher tetragonal content of ZrO2 along with a reduction of particle size. This leads to an efficient catalyst for the low‐temperature CO methanation process.

Structure and mechanical properties of nanofibrous ZrO2 derived from alternating field electrospun precursors

Abstract Nanofibrous zirconia (ZrO2) meshes were prepared from precursor fibers which were synthesized using the method of free-surface, high-yield alternating field electrospinning (AFES). The weight ratio of zirconyl chloride salt to polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymer in liquid precursors was investigated for its effect on the spinnability and formation of precursor fibers as well as on the resulting fibrous ZrO2. The precursor fiber generation measured at a rate up to 5.6 g/h was achieved with a single flat 25-mm diameter alternating current (AC) electrode, which corresponded to production of up to 1.5 g/h of fibrous ZrO2. The calcination process involved annealing the fibers at temperatures which ranged from 600 °C to 1000 °C and produced 0.1–0.2 mm thick fibrous ZrO2 meshes. Individual nanofibers were found to have diameters between 50 and 350 nm and either a tetragonal (t-ZrO2) or monoclinic (t-ZrO2) structure depending on the calcination temperature. The annealed meshes with total porosity between 98.0 ± 0.2% and 94.6 ± 0.2% showed little deformation or cracking. Tensile strength and modulus of fibrous t-ZrO2 meshes strongly depended on porosity and varied from 0.07 ± 0.03 MPa to 1.05 ± 0.3 MPa and from 90 ± 40 MPa to 388 ± 20 MPa, respectively. The m-ZrO2 meshes resulted similar moduli, but much lower strengths due to their brittleness. A power-law relationship between the elastic modulus and porosity of AFES-derived nanofibrous t-ZrO2 meshes, in comparison with other porous zirconia materials, was also investigated. The results of this study have demonstrated the feasibility of free-surface AFES in sizeable production of zirconia nanofibers and highly porous nanofibrous ceramic structures.

Influence of Oxygen Vacancies on the Electronic and Optical Properties of Zirconium Dioxide from First-Principles Calculations

Although ZrO2 is a promising advanced functional material, the influence of oxygen vacancies (O-va) on the structural stability and electronic properties of monoclinic ZrO2 is unclear. In particular, the role of O-va on the optical properties of ZrO2 is not well understood. Here, we apply the first-principles approach to investigate the role of O-va on the structure, electronic and optical properties of ZrO2. Two ZrO2 phase: monoclinic and cubic structures are considered. The results show that the O-va is thermodynamically stable in both monoclinic and cubic structures. In particular, O-va-mono is more thermodynamically stable than O-va-cubic. The O-va improves the electronic properties of ZrO2 because of the role of the Zr-4d state and the O-2p state near the Fermi level. Importantly, the O-va widens the adsorption range of ZrO2. Therefore, we believe that oxygen vacancoes are beneficial for improving the electronic and optical properties of ZrO2.

Lanthanum oxide behavior in La2O3-Al2O3 and La2O3-ZrO2 catalysts with application in FAME production

La2O3 monolayer catalysts with 90% coverage on Al2O3 and 71% on ZrO2 were successfully obtained by a sol–gel method and the catalytic performance evaluated as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) production in a canola oil transesterification reaction show differences upon the nature and extent of basic sites. The La2O3 monolayer does not modify strongly the textural properties of the Al2O3 and larger structural changes are detected on ZrO2. For the La2O3-Al2O3 monolayer catalyst, the inter-diffusion Al3+/La3+ cation modify the nature of the acidity and increases the basicity of the Al-O-La species, whereas for the La2O3-ZrO2 monolayer catalyst, appearance of tetragonal ZrO2 structure with larger basicity is detected. The effect of the nature of the support in the catalytic performance in FAME production of the La2O3-ZrO2 and La2O3-Al2O3 monolayer catalyst informed as FAME % (60% at 5 h and 65 °C) for the La2O3-ZrO2 is attributed to the presence of the new medium strength basic sites and the m-ZrO2 structure, whereas the lower basicity of the La2O3-Al2O3 explain the lower fatty acid methyl esters production (45% at 5 h and 65 °C).

Structure, luminescence, mechanical and in vitro behavior of zirconia toughened alumina due to terbium substitutions

The significance of Tb3+ inclusions at the zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) structure was explored. The influence of Tb3+ content at the crystal structures of ZrO2 and Al2O3 and the resultant optical, mechanical, magnetic and cytotoxicity properties were deliberated. The critical role of Tb3+ to attain a structurally stable ZTA until 1500 °C is ensured. Depending on the Tb3+ content, either tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2) or cubic zirconia (c-ZrO2) structures were stabilized while the propensity of Tb3+ reaction with Al2O3 to yield TbAlO3 is transpired only after exceeding the occupancy limit in ZrO2. The green emission and paramagnetic features are imparted by the Tb3+ inclusions at the ZTA structure. Dense and pore free microstructures with a direct impact on the improved mechanical features of ZTA is empowered by the presence of Tb3+. Further, the results from MTT assay and live/dead cell staining ensured the negligence of Tb3+ contained ZTA systems to induce toxicity.

Structure and ionic conductivity of ZrO2(MgO)/CaO-Al2O3 bilayer system used as solid electrolyte for sulfur sensor

The ZrO2(MgO)/CaO-Al2O3 bilayer system used as the solid electrolyte for sulfur sensor was fabricated by screen-printing technology using ZrO2(MgO) electrolyte as the substrate and CaO-Al2O3 compounds with different compositions as the coating materials. The effect of the CaO content in the CaO-Al2O3 compounds on the properties of the bilayer systems were investigated in terms of the phase composition, structure and ionic conductivity. It was demonstrated that all the bilayer systems were dense and uniform and a considerable increase in ionic conductivity was observed with increasing temperature and CaO content in CaO-Al2O3 compounds. The increase in total ionic conductivity at the same temperature was mainly attributed to the increase in the grain boundary conductivity. The grain boundary conductivity of the bilayer systems increased exponentially with increasing the CaO content while the total ionic conductivity increased linearly, which could satisfy the requirement of the ion conduction in solid electrolyte for sulfur sensor.

Understanding the thermodynamic properties of 20% CeO2 stabilized ZrO2 coatings with atomistic modeling and simulations

To understand the improved stability and reduced thermal conductivity of 20% CeO2 stabilized ZrO2 coatings compared to pure zirconia, different Ce doped ZrO2 systems are modeled. The Ce insertion in ZrO2 lattice elongates the lattice parameters and the elongation is proportional to the Ce doping concentration. Moreover, the cell volume linearly increases with the Ce doping level. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the Zr0.84Ce0.16O2 phase, describing the substitutional Ce doped at Zr sites. Ce doping modified the electronic band structure of ZrO2 without creating any isolated states in the band gap. The Ce4Zr12O32 modeled system with Ce doping concentration of 8.33% provided the stable phonon density of states curves compared to the pure and doped systems. Ce doping reduced the thermal conductivity of ZrO2. Increasing Ce doping level further reduced the thermal conductivity reaching the maximum reduction at 8.33% doping concentration. Further increase in the Ce level has no effective reduction in the thermal conductivity values. The reduced thermal conductivity is attributed to the enhanced phonon scattering due to the substitutional Ce4+ dopant and optimal doping concentration. The experimental observation could be satisfactorily explained by the calculations results.

Microwave dielectric properties of zirconia fabricated using NanoParticle Jetting™

Additive manufacturing of ceramics has been actively investigated with the objective of fabricating complex structures that compete in terms of material performance with traditionally manufactured ceramics but with the benefit of increased geometric freedom. More specifically, zirconia provides high fracture toughness and thermal stability. In addition, its dielectric permittivity may be the highest among materials available for 3D printing, and may enable the next generation of complex electromagnetic structures. NanoParticle Jetting™ is a new material jetting process for selectively depositing nanoparticles and is capable of printing zirconia. Dense, fine-featured parts can be manufactured with layer thicknesses as small as 10 μm and jetting resolution of 20 μm after a final sintering step. For this study, 3D printed zirconia using NanoParticle Jetting™ was characterized in terms of chemistry, density, crystallography, sintering shrinkage and dielectric properties as a foundation for developing high performance radio frequency (RF) components. The experimental results indicate a yttria-stabilized ZrO2 structure exhibiting a bulk relative permittivity of 23 and a loss tangent of 0.0013 at microwave frequencies. A simple zirconia dielectric resonator antenna is measured, confirming the measured dielectric properties and illustrating a practical application of this material.

Synthesis of one-dimensional ZrO2 nanomaterials from Zr(OH)4 precursors assisted by glycols through a facile precursor-templating method

One-dimensional (1D) ZrO2 nanomaterials were successfully prepared from local zircon-based Zr(OH)4 precursors assisted by glycols (as the 1D structure directing templates) in water-based solvent through a facile precursor-templating method. The 1D ZrO2 nanomaterials were initially synthesized by mixing the precursors with glycols at precursor pHs 9, 7, 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1. Glycols were mixed with the precursors at a stoichiometric mole ratio of 1:1 at precursor pHs 9, 7, and 5. Meanwhile, the addition of glycols to the precursor at pH 1–4 was carried out based on a precursor-to-glycol volume ratio (Vp/Veg) of 1, 2.5, and 15. At 800 °C, the samples synthesized at precursor pHs 9, 7, 5, 4 and 3, generally consisted of metastable tetragonal and monoclinic phases of ZrO2. The samples synthesized at precursor pHs 3 and 4 exhibited 1D structures such as nanorods, nanotubes, and elongated agglomerates at that temperature. Besides that, 1D ZrO2 nanomaterials with high specific surface areas were produced, namely 48.305 m2 g−1 and 47.283 m2 g−1, at precursor pH 3 with Vp/Veg = 15 and at precursor pH 4 with Vp/Veg = 2.5, respectively. During the synthesis of the nanomaterials, a lower precursor pH, especially from pH 3–4, was observed to be an optimum condition for the formation of the 1D ZrO2 structure. Meanwhile, at precursor pH 3, the higher the precursor concentration used in the synthesis, the better the characteristics of zirconia produced, such as more uniform 1D structures, longer nanorods or nanotubes, and the highest specific surface areas compared to the other samples.