Zone Routing Protocol Routing Protocols Research Articles

Fuzzy-ZRP: An Adaptive MANET Radius Zone Routing Protocol

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a group of active mobile nodes wirelessly connected in a self-configuring and self-healing network without a preexisting centralized infrastructure. Several studies have been conducted to improve the stability and lifetime of routes for communicating between source and destination nodes, integrating new techniques with existing protocols. This paper presents a fuzzy-based approach to improve the performance of the standard Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) by selecting the optimal value of the zone radius. Each node has a fuzzy inference system that is periodically fed with parameters, such as the remaining energy and mobility of the node, to calculate the optimal value of the zone routing radius, which makes the node autonomous and intelligent. The simulation results obtained using the NS-2 simulator showed that the proposed fuzzy radius approach outperformed the standard ZRP, OVBAZRP, and PSOZRP routing protocols in all measures considered: PDR, NRL, and E2ED.

Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol (IHRP) in MANETs Based on Situation Based Adaptive Routing

Without the need of a fixed foundation or base station, the Mobile Ad hoc Network creates its own wireless network. One of the most troublesome aspects of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is the occurrence of unexpected loss of network connectivity. As a result of this problem, packets continue to drop, and we must restore the connection by sending Route Request (RREQ) and Route Reply (RREP). As a result, network performance will suffer yet another setback. We used the scenario routing technique to combine the Dream Multipath Routing (DMR), Ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV), Optimized link-state routing (OLSR), and Ad-hoc on Demand Vector (AODV) routing protocols to build the IHRP routing protocol in this work. According to previous studies, (AODV) is more suited when node motion is high. The purpose of DREAM Multipath Routing (DMR) is to maintain node mobility and location information coordinated. Route packet flooding is prevented by computing the expected chance of node relocation. The number of mobile nodes in the wireless network fluctuates, and the DMR operates on each one individually. In the network, each node maintains a list of nearby nodes and their current locations. Using the AOMDV routing protocol is effective for load balancing and preventing congestion on the network. OLSR is a good fit for networks that priorities link reliability above other considerations when routing traffic. When using the aforementioned (DMR, AODV, AOMDV, and OLSR) protocols to create the IHRP routing protocol, we are capable of better regulation of network behavior and perform. In the case of 100 nodes, data is sent for analysis for The Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol (IHRP), Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR routing protocols. For data send, the performance of IHRP, ZRP, AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR is 11513, 10240, 10225, 10558, and 9184, respectively, and for 50 nodes, the performance of IHRP, ZRP, AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR is 11151, 9807, 9636, 9586, and 7470, respectively. Thus, with 100 and 50 nodes, the Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol (IHRP) outperforms the AOMDV, ZRP, AODV, and OLSR routing protocols. In the case of 100 nodes and 50 nodes, the data receive analysis for IHRP, ZRP, AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR routing protocols is 11513, 10240, 10225, 10558, and 9184, respectively, and 9367, 8714, 8370, 6730, and 7298, respectively, So IHRP also receives data faster than ZRP, AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR routing protocols. The IHRP outperforms AOMDV, AODV, ZRP, and OLSR routing protocols in terms of data transmit, receive, data drop, PDR, throughput, E-E latency, and NRL.

Performance Analysis Of DSDV, AOMDV and ZRP Routing Protocols Application Simulation In Pekanbaru Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET)

The increase in the number of vehicles without the development of driving safety technology, tends to create adverse impacts on society, such as a rise in casualties due to road accidents. Therefore, vehicles need information on the condition of the surrounding traffic environment to provide driver with safety. One of the methods used to obtain prompt information between vehicles that move dynamically is communication technology such as Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET). VANET has network characteristics that change rapidly due to the highly dynamic node movement. Therefore, it is necessary to choose the right routing protocol for optimal data transmission. In this study, the DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector), AOMDV (Ad-hoc on Demand Multipath Distance Vector), and ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) routing protocols were tested using 3 field data scenarios. The first scenario is a variation of the number of nodes 100, 250, 600, and 700 nodes. The second scenario is a variation of the transmission ranges of 250m, 500m, and 1km. The third scenario is the variation of node speeds of 10 km/hour, 20 km/hour, 30 km/hour, 40 km/hour, and 50 km/hour in Pekanbaru city of Riau province. This research was carried out using the simulation method along with the QoS (Quality of Service) performance testing parameters comprising packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, throughput, collision rate, and packet loss. Out of the three scenarios tested, AOMDV is the best routing protocol to be implemented because it outperforms the other two protocol evaluated in all designated scenarios in the paper. Meanwhile, DSDV and ZRP are superior in end to end delay and routing overhead parameters, respectively.

Discovery Routing Time Speed Comparison of AODV, OLSR and ZRP protocols on MANET

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network that contains a collection of nodes without infrastructure and interconnected to communicate. MANET works dynamically when a group of nodes moves spontaneously, so the network topology can change quickly and cannot be predicted. It causes changes in wireless network topology according to existing conditions. The node functions in determining the route to be selected. Ad Hoc networks have limited transmission range, so routing is needed to send data over the network. The problem with mobile nodes is that routing must provide a path when the node changes. The speed of a node obtaining information is affected by the routing protocol used in the network. Each routing protocol has different capabilities in network speed, so the discovery routing time for each routing is also different. The selected routing protocols are Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Optimized Link-state (OLSR), and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP). The study will conduct a comparative analysis of ad hoc network initialization speeds on AODV, OLSR, and ZRP routing protocols. The parameter tested is the speed of routing discovery. After the data is collected, an analysis is carried out by looking at the routing discovery speed of each routing protocol. The test results show that each of the routing protocols examined, the AODV routing protocol, has a faster routing discovery time than the OLSR and ZRP routing protocols.

Performance Assessment of QoS Using AODV, TORA and ZRP Routing Protocol in MANET

In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) nodes often change their location independently where neither fixed nor centralized infrastructure is present. Nodes communicate with each other directly or via intermediate nodes. The advantages of the MANET layout lead to self-structure and compatibility to most important functions such as traffic distribution and load balancing. Whenever the host moves rapidly in the network the topology becomes updated due to which the structure of MANET varies accordingly. In the literature, different routing protocols have been studied and compared by researchers. Still, there are queries regarding the performance of these protocols under different scenarios. MANETs are not based on a predesigned structure. In this paper, the performance assessment of the Quality of Services (QoS) for different protocols such as Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) in the existence of the various number of communicating nodes is studied. The performance matrices throughput, end – to – end delay and packet delivery ratio are considered for simulations. Ns 2.35 simulator is used for carrying out these simulations. Results are compared for AODV, TORA, and ZRP routing protocols. The results show that AODV and TORA perform well in end – to – end delay as compared to zone routing protocol. Zone routing protocol performs well in packet delivery ratio and throughput as compared to both the other protocols.

The effect of network size and density to the choice of zone radius in ZRP

<span>Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a network that consists of several nodes that connect without using a permanent infrastructure. Each node in MANET moves inside and outside of the network freely and randomly. The free and random movements of nodes may cause the topology of the network to change constantly. Therefore, the task of finding routes between nodes is a big challenge. Routing protocols in MANET can be divided into three categories, namely, proactive, reactive and hybrid routing protocols. Hybrid routing protocols such as the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) combines the advantages of both proactive and reactive routing protocols by dividing the network area into many overlapping zones. Data transmission to nodes within the zone is done using a proactive routing mechanism, while data transmission to nodes outside the zone is done using a reactive routing mechanism. The zone radius in ZRP determines how much proactive and reactive routing is used, and therefore plays a key role in determining the performance of the network. In this paper, the performance of the ZRP routing protocol is evaluated using the NS2.33 network simulator. The focus of the research is to evaluate the ZRP performance concerning the network size and density to identify an optimum ZRP zone size that will provide good performance. The performance is evaluated by using four performance metrics which are normalized routing load, average end-to-end delay, throughput, and packet delivery fraction. The results show that ZRP produces the best performance when the zone radius size is equal to two hops.</span>

Formal modeling and analysis of ad hoc Zone Routing Protocol in Event-B

Ad hoc routing protocols are responsible for searching a route from the source to the destination under the dynamic network topology. Hybrid routing protocols combine the features of proactive and reactive approaches. So, the formal specification of a hybrid routing protocol in the dynamic network environment is a challenge. In this paper, we formally analyze the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), a hybrid routing framework, using Event-B. We develop the formal specification by the refinement mechanism. It allows us to gradually model the network environment, the construction of routing zones, route discovery based on bordercasting service and routing update. We prove the stabilization property in the inactive environment. In addition, we demonstrate that discovered routes hold the loop freedom and validity in each reachable system state. To present that the formalization is consistent with the informally expressed requirements, we adopt an animator, ProB, to validate our model. Our work provides reference to analyze extensions of the ZRP and other hybrid routing protocols.

Implementation of geographical location based routing protocols in vehicular environment

An important special class of mobile ad hoc networks in vehicular environment is VANET where vehicles communicate among each other and road side units. Since road structures are predefined and vehicles move with very high speed, the connectivity among vehicles breaks very often, therefore routing becomes a very challenge issue in VANET. Most of the authors used IEEE802.11b/g based routing protocols. The standard used for VANET is IEEE802.11p. This paper implements the IEEE802.11p based two geographical routing protocols location-aided-routing (LAR) protocol and zone-routing-protocol (ZRP) for city as well as highway vehicular environment. Vehicular movement traces are obtained with VanetMobiSim tool having intelligent driver model (IDM). IDM with intersection management and IDM with lane-changing modules are used. Packet delivery ratio, throughput, delay, normalized routing load and lost packet ratio metrics are used to evaluate LAR and ZRP routing protocols implemented in VANET.

Performance Analysis of FSR, LAR and ZRP Routing Protocols in MANET

Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes communicating with each other without any infrastructure in a multi hop fashion. In a MANET, nodes are moving arbitrarily, so the network may experience rapid and randomly topology changes. This paper presents performance comparison of three dissimilar routing protocols i.e. Fisheye State Routing (FSR), Location aided Routing (LAR) and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) with respect to variable pause times. This research paper provides an outline of these protocols by presenting their functionality, benefits, characteristics, limitations and analysis. Performance of FSR, LAR and ZRP is evaluated considering the parameters average end-to- end delay, packet delivery ratio and throughput using network simulator Qualnet 5.0.2. The simulation shows that LAR protocol exhibits good performance in comparison to other routing

Simulation based Performance Comparison of AODV, FSR and ZRP Routing Protocols in MANET

Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that are arbitrarily located so that the interconnections between nodes are dynamically changing. In MANET mobile nodes forms a temporary network without the use of any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. A routing protocol is used to find routes between mobile nodes to facilitate communication within the network. The main goal of such an ad hoc network routing protocol is to establish correct and efficient route between a pair of mobile nodes so that messages delivered within the active route timeout interval. Route should be discovered and maintained with a minimum of overhead and bandwidth consumption. This paper presents performance evaluation of three different routing protocols i.e. Ad hoc OnDemand Distance Vector (AODV), Fisheye State Routing (FSR) and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) in variable pause times and variable number of nodes. We have used random waypoint mobility model to design the network and performed simulations by using QualNet version 5.0 Simulator [1] from Scalable Networks. Performance of AODV, FSR and ZRP is evaluated based on Average end-to-end delay, Packet delivery ratio, Throughput and Average Jitter.