Zone Of Action Research Articles

Determination of EC50 of water liozol of turpentine oil for acid eryhtrogram

The cytotoxic in vitro effect of water turpentine oil liozols, intended as adjuvants for a number of vaccines, is investigated by the acid erythrogram method. It is found out that the acid resistance of erythrocytes does not change at a turpentine oil concentration below 0.0013 g/L in liozol and increases at a concentration of 0.0013–0.0125 g/L. If the concentration continues to increase, however, the acid resistance of erythrocytes decreases to reach the value of EC50 at a concentration of 0.1–0.125 g/L; then follows the zone of direct hemolytic action of liozol.

Предвестники катастрофы на юге: поражения РККА в Крыму и под Харьковом в мае 1942 г

In the spring of 1942, the Soviet-German front - from Leningrad to the Kerch Peninsula in the Crimea - became a theater of operations that proved the epilogue to the Red Army’s strategic offensive conducted in the winter of 1941-1942, and served as the overture to the summer campaign of 1942. The summer advances of Wehrmacht troops and troops of Germany’s allies on the southern wing of the Soviet-German front was preceded by large spring 1942 battles on the Volkhov Front where near Myasnoi Bor the 2nd Shock Army of general A. A. Vlasov was encircled and crushed; in the Northwest Front, the powerful counterthrust of the German troops through the settlement of Ramushevo deblocked the main forces of the 16th Field Army at Demyansk. The 33rd Army of general M. G. Efremov was beaten near Vyazma, in the rear of the Army Group Centre, military forces of the 1st Guards Rifle Corps and 11th Cavalry Corps of the Western Front were encircled. During the operations, due to the errors of the commanders of troops aggravated by scarce supplies and replenishment, a number of armies of the Volkhov, Northwest, Kalinin and Western Fronts were crushed. The catastrophic defeats of the armies of the Crimean and Southwestern Fronts in May 1942 had especially heavy effects on the Soviet troops in the south. The main reasons for the failure of the Soviet offensive operations in the southern wing of the Soviet-German front were as follows: mistakes at the planning stage, insufficient strengthening of flanks of the shock groups, absence of fortified belts in the rear of the armies and fronts with obligatory placement of troop reserves, artillery and military engineering units on such rear boundaries. The neglect of meteorological conditions (forecasts) in the zone of action of the Southwestern, Southern and Crimean Fronts, the insufficient information regarding the counter-forces and their actual assets, reserves and action plans resulting from the poor performance of the army reconnaissance and secret agent intelligence, frequent losses of control over the troops due to continuous wire communications failures within the ‘front - army - corps - division’ chain, weak and inept use of radio communication resulting in overdue reaction of the commanders to sudden changes in combat situations - all these factors contributed to the catastrophic result of the battles in the Crimea and at Kharkov in May of 1942. The tragedies dramatically worsened the strategic situation on the southern wing of the Soviet-German front and let the German generals recapture the strategic initiative. Materials and evidence for the article were searched for in the Central Archive of the Russian Ministry of Defense; memoirs and articles by Soviet and German military commanders as well as scholarly works of the post-war (Soviet) and modern periods also proved sources of data for the paper. The historical and situational, comparative and narrative methods were applied in the work; those imply studies of certain facts in the context of the era under consideration - in conjunction with the “adjoining” events and facts on the principles of “historicism”.

Catastrophic flood on the Amur River in summer 2013: Features and causes

Described is the extreme rainfall flood on the Amur River in summer 2013 that was catastrophic in its middle and lower reaches. The durable high-rate rainfalls which were registered on the whole territory of the Amur River catchment for two months lead to extreme flood. The rainfalls were caused by the certain type of atmospheric circulation where the pressure ridge prevailed over the Northwest Pacific and Sea of Okhotsk and during two months of summer 2013 humid tropical air flew to the mid-latitudes to the zone of the polar front action.

Crisis caused by an external force in a vortex source flowing to vacuum

A crisis caused by an external force (deceleration of the flow down to the radial Mach number equal to unity) is studied in the regime of vortex source flowing into vacuum. The dependences of the critical characteristics (critical radius, temperature, and velocity) on the gas circulation Γ is studied in two situations: at a constant external force distribution function and at a constant pressure in the zone of action of the force. It is shown that the adiabatic relation between the pressure, temperature, and density is valid. Explicit analytic solutions inside the zone for Γ = 0 and implicit solutions for Γ > 0 are obtained. In the case of a uniform distribution of the external force, it is found that the effect of the integral of force (work) on the critical characteristics dominates and is independent of the initial parameters (zone coordinate, temperature at the inlet, etc.). In the case of constant pressure, the regions of realization of the crisis in the space of the similarity numbers (force, circulation, and initial coordinate and temperature) are plotted.

Studying the variability of the wind wave period

Analyzed are the experimental data on the range of the sea wind waves obtained using a laser meter of hydrospheric pressure variations in 2007, 2010, 2011, and 2012 at different points of the shelf of the Sea of Japan. It is demonstrated that the variations of wind wave periods at their leaving the zone of cyclonic action can be associated not only with the dispersion but also with the Doppler effect and variations of the wind speed and wind direction in the zone of cyclonic action. Carried out was the analysis of the results of the processing of experimental data of the laser meter of hydrospheric pressure variations and the mobile laser meter of hydrospheric pressure variations; this analysis revealed that the transformation of wind waves with the decrease in the period and energy takes place in the case of their movement along the shelf of the decreasing depth.

Spectral Analysis of Relaxation Properties of Polymer Yarns with an Amorphous/Crystalline Structure

Spectral analysis of relaxation properties of polymer yarns is used to give a physical interpretation of systems analysis methods and computational prediction of nonlinear hereditary relaxation of yarns with an amorphous/crystalline structure in the zone of nondestructive mechanical action. Spectral modeling of the relaxation properties of polymer yarns is based on a generalized classical Maxwell model. The selected normalized relaxation function is interpreted as the integrated particle distribution with respect to a logarithmic relaxation time scale. Such a physical interpretation of the relaxation function is useful for comparative analysis of the relaxation properties of polymer yarns.

Distribution of TiB2 reinforcements in magnesium matrix composites by a multi-physical coupling field

TiB2/AZ31 magnesium matrix composites were prepared under the separate effects of an electromagnetic field, ultrasound and of both in combination. The electromagnetic field appeared to expand the zone of ultrasonic action, resulting in fine grained and more uniform microstructure with a more homogeneous distribution of the reinforcing TiB2 particle clusters in the magnesium alloy matrix. Subsequent hot-rolling further improved the microstructural homogeneity. The resulting TiB2/AZ31 composite sheets exhibited excellent overall mechanical properties, with an ultimate tensile strength of 350MPa and a tensile ductility approaching 8%.

Spatial distributions of tropical cyclones and gravity anomalies

Spatial distributions of the beginnings and most intense stages of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean are compared with gravity anomalies (GAs) in the zone of action of cyclones. The possible influence of GAs on hurricanes that reached land in the Gulf of Mexico region and in the southeastern part of China is considered. The relation of the formal feedback between some characteristics of the intensity of TCs and spatially averaged GAs is shown. It is suggested that GAs can be regarded as a factor affecting the life cycle of a TC to a certain extent.

Pyrometric Monitoring of Gas-Assisted Cutting of Steel Using Fiber Laser

Measurements of the temperature in zone of action of laser radiation on the molten metal have been performed. The results are reported for different speed of cutting of mild-steel plate of 3 mm-thick with high-power fiber laser; oxygen was used as an assisted gas. Researches demonstrate that fluctuations of local temperature are related to unequal radiation absorption that associates with local deformations of surface of melt. Thus noise spectrum of those fluctuations reflects turbulent surface deformation caused by gas jet and capillary waves. The standard temperature deviation does not exceed 10 K on the frequency of 7 KHz and above, and power law of spectrum of density of fluctuations of local temperature is about “-2.8” in range of capillary turbulence. Thus we can distinguish radiation pulsation due to laser cutting from other processes of radiation affection to the sample, including unwanted, degrading the quality of technological operations. The results of investigation can be useful for monitoring laser cutting process.

Spectrum of temperature pulsations of the melt in gas-assisted cutting with fiber laser

Measurements of the temperature behavior in the zone of action of the laser-radiation on the molten metal have been performed using multichannel pyrometer. Measurements were carried out for test cutting of a 3-mm mild-steel plate with several values of cutting speed and pressure of assist gas (oxygen), using an 1800-watt Ytterbium fiber laser. It is shown that fluctuations of temperature are related to local melt's surface deformations due to unequal radiation absorption; thus the noise spectrum of temperature fluctuations reflects turbulent surface deformation caused by gas jet and capillary waves. The maximum density of turbulent energy dissipation ε depends on cutting conditions: its value rises with increasing cutting velocity and oxygen pressure in a described range of parameters. The maximum of ε is localized near depth of (1.2...1.5) mm along the cutting front. We can distinguish the specific radiation pulsation spectrum of laser cutting from other processes of radiation affection to the sample, including unwanted degrading of the quality of technological operations. The spectrum of capillary waves on the melt's surface is formed under the effect of assisted gas jet and has a function of ω −3 , ω is cycle frequency. The results of this investigation can be useful for the development of monitoring and quality-control systems for the laser-cutting process.

Gaseous admixtures in the atmosphere over Moscow during the 2010 summer

In the summer of 2010, the Moscow megacity during two months was within the zone of action of a blocking anticyclone. The accumulation of pollutants in a closed air mass sharply changed the surface air quality. At the end of July-the first half of August, the extreme situation became even more complicated, because the air from regions of turf and grass fires came into Moscow. According to measurement data of the Moscow IAP RAS station, the maximal hourly mean concentrations of chemically active gases NO, NO2, CO, O3, and SO2 were 175.9, 217.4, 15.8, 134.2, and 15.2 ppb, respectively. For NO2 and CO, these values are largest over the entire decadal period of observations at the station and many times exceed the MPC level (see table). The concentrations of greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and nonmethane hydrocarbons also sharply increased. Analysis of the variability of gas contents in the surface air and in the atmospheric boundary layer showed a close relation between extreme changes in the atmospheric composition and its vertical stratification.

Development of a new class of coatings by double electron-beam surfacing

Through electron-beam surfacing of tungsten or chromium carbides on an electron accelerator followed by pulsed treatment with low-energy electrons, a nano- and superfine grain structure with a system of nanodimensional pores is fabricated. The nanohardness and modulus of elasticity are shown to be extremely high in the zone of secondary pulse action. The modified surface layer having a nanostructure and chaotically distributed pores may be a barrier to brittle fraction.

A climatic classification for geomorphological purposes

In this paper we reconsider the definition of climatic geomorphological zones, which until now has been merely descriptive. By excluding the sub-glacial zone, azonal mountain regions and adibiatic deserts, it is possible to recognize six zones which are essentially different and characterized by specific types of morphogenesis. Each is categorized according to typical processes and landforms and delineated by means of meteorological threshold values: 1. The subpolar zone of solifluction and frost-shattered debris. 2. The moderate zone of modicofluvial action and relict forms. 3. The subtropical zone of slope wash and seasonal rivers. 4. The paratropical zone of eolian action and dry debris. 5. The tropical zone of sheet wash and inselbergs. 6. The innertropical zone of landsliding and valleys.

Sediment transport over an accretional intertidal flat with influences of reclamation, Jiangsu coast, China

This paper focuses on the hydrodynamic and suspended sediment transport processes in response to sequential reclamations over the intertidal flat, Jiangsu coast, which used to be one of the widest intertidal flats in China. Investigations into the sediment transport patterns reveal that net suspended sediment fluxes increased from 102kgm−1 on the upper intertidal flat to 103–4kgm−1 on the lower intertidal flat, per tidal cycle. This variation was caused mainly by the phases of the current velocity, suspended sediment concentration (SSC), local bed geomorphology, inundation patterns, and extreme weather conditions. The longshore component of tidal currents intensifies seaward over the intertidal flat. Extreme weather conditions (e.g. storms) and strong winds were important factors affecting the current velocity structures, the intensity of residual currents, and the SSCs. The SSCs were characterized by several peaks throughout the tidal cycle. These peaks were associated with strong currents, combined wave-current interactions and intense turbulences due to the initial flood surge. Furthermore, the suspended sediment was finer and contained more clay materials during the flood phase of the tidal cycle, than during the ebb. Fine particles were transported within the upper water column by landward residual currents, but coarse particles were transported within the lower water column by seaward residual currents. Overall, residual currents were apt to transport fine-grained sediment landward and coarse-grained sediment seaward. This pattern indicates that the suspended sediment fluxes are highly variable in the water column, even for very shallow tidal environments. The cross-shore component accounted only for a small percentage of the total sediment flux. However, this part of sediment supply dominated accretion over the intertidal flat.The intertidal flat has become narrower and steeper, following sequential reclamations. A negative feedback process existed to maintain the convex profile shape, although the human activities (i.e. reclamation) could have modified the natural process. The surficial sediment tended to become finer on the mid-upper intertidal flat but coarser on the lower intertidal flat following reclamations, in response to a reduction in the tidal currents over the intertidal zone and enhancement of wave action over the lower intertidal flat. Accretion, with high rates, was maintained by landward transport of sediment. In such an accretional system with influences of reclamation, the width or slope of the intertidal flat is adjusted continuously. Before the cease of reclamation, the intertidal flat is unable to achieve an equilibrium shape.

Activation of reconstructive processes in rat tissues under the action of radiofrequency current with a periodic impulse mode of modulation

The action of a current in the radio frequency range with a periodic impulse mode of modulation on the activation of recovery processes in the skin and skeletal muscles has been studied. The action of a radio frequency current with a power of 1 W, as opposed to that of the weaker action (0.1 W) and stronger (4 W) action, leads to the activation of recovery processes in the skin and skeletal muscles. Recovery processes are manifested in the increase in proliferation and activation of angiogenesis in the skin, and also in formation of new muscle fibers. Recovery processes in muscles are accompanied by activation and migration of satellite cells of muscle tissue in the zone of action of the radio frequency current.

Forward‐Looking Statements: News and Speculation in the Age of the American Revolution

We are used to thinking of news as stories about what happened, but under certain conditions news can also be competing versions of what will happen.1 Before the telegraph, satellite communications, or the Internet, people found ways to bring distant events closer and transform the future from a zone of uncertainty into a zone of action.2 During the English Civil War, for example, religious controversy and political uncertainty combined with the collapse of censorship and the explosion of print to favor highly politicized almanacs in which astrologers foretold the downfall of their enemies and the imminent victory of their allies.3 The American Revolution offered another dramatic

Morphology and origin of coastal karst landforms in Miocene and Quaternary carbonate rocks along the central-western coast of Sardinia (Italy)

In the area of Punta Funtanas (Arbus, Central-West Sardinia) some small surfaces of Miocene limestones crop out, partially covered with Quaternary calcarenites and Plio-Quaternary basalts. The biggest of these outcrops forms a fossil wave-cut shore platform of up to 50 m wide with an altitude above sea level of approximately 4–5 m. On this platform a wide variety of dissolution landforms can be observed. These morphologies are related to the influence of the seawater (zone of wave action, marine splash and spray zone, up to progressively more continental environments) and to biokarst processes (erosional action of marine organisms, algae and micro-organisms) and are arranged in bands parallel to the coast, corresponding to different morphological zones. This paper describes all the karst landforms observed in this coastal area from a morphological and genetic point of view.

The effect of thermal property degradation on wear of WC-CO inserts in dry cutting

This paper investigates the relationship between wear and the conditions of heat removal at the tip of the tool. In this work we team numerical simulations to SEM imagery in order to map the thermal conductivity within the tool zone of action of a coated carbide (WC-CO) tool. The results indicate that depending on the temperature rise, the tool tip might undergo a severe drop in thermal conduction. This drop may locally restrict the ability of the tool material to dissipate the applied thermal load. This may nucleate thermally congested clusters within the tool tip where the material completely loses the ability to transport heat. The constriction of thermal transport renders an energetically active zone where the thermal energy available may be used to activate wear through different mechanisms. It is also found that the immediate layer under the surface of the tool tip is important to enhance the ability of the tool material to dissipate the thermal loads. The results highlight the importance of enhancing the efficiency of heat removal within the tool active zone in order to improve wear resistance.

Perturbations of the ozone layer induced by intense atmospheric vortices

Based on the complex analysis of ozone fields in regions of tropical cyclogenesis, diagnostic and prognostic signatures of tropical cyclone (TC) evolution are revealed, manifesting themselves in the features of ozone field perturbations. We show that a typical increase in total ozone (TO) observed at the periphery of the developing tropical depression 2–4 days before its transformation into a tropical storm can be considered as a very early prognostic sign of a TC. Proposed and substantiated are the basic mechanisms determining the ozone variations observed at all the stages of TC development. A conceptual model of TC impact on the ozone layer was developed. Based on the analysis of Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data, a connection between TO field perturbation characteristics in the TC zones and the parameters controlling the TC energy was revealed. The characteristics of the ozone negative anomaly in the zone of TC action (effective size of the ozone anomaly and its extreme depth) were found to be determined by the effective dimensions of the storm and hurricane wind zones.

Conceptual tribo-energetic analysis of cutting tool protective coating delamination in dry cutting of hard-to-cut aero engine alloys

Machining in dry mode is characterized by intense thermo-mechanical loading. The coupling between the thermal and the mechanical loads may lead to tool failure, especially when machining the so-called hard-to-cut alloys. Within such environments the efficiency of heat removal plays an important role in preserving the structural integrity of the tool. Efficient heat removal in dry machining depends solely on the intrinsic thermal proper- ties of the tool for uncoated tools and on the effective properties of the tool-coating combinations for coated tools. Thermal loads may also accelerate wear of the tool. As such, a relationship between the wear and the intrinsic thermal properties of the tool is worthy of investigation. This paper investigates such a relationship. Here we team numerical simulations to SEM-imagery to map the thermal conductivity within the tool zone of action of a coated carbide tool. The results indicate that, depending on the temperature rise, the tool-tip might undergo a severe drop in thermal conduction. This drop may locally restrict the ability of the tool material to dissipate the applied thermal load. This may nucleate thermally congested clusters within the tool-tip where the material completely loses the ability to transport heat. Thermal congestion renders an energeti- cally active zone where the thermal energy available may be used to activate wear through different mechanisms. It is also found that the immediate layer under the surface of the tool tip is important to enhance the ability of the tool material to dissipate the thermal loads. The results also highlight the importance of matching the temperature dependant properties of the different coating layers in order to enhance delamination resistance.