Zones Of India Research Articles

Seismic Fragility Analysis of an Existing Bridge Pier

The main objective of this paper is to develop the fragility curves for an existing bridge having circular pier by static nonlinear analysis (Pushover Analysis). In this study, a cantilever circular bridge pier which is located in Assam, a highly seismic zone in India is considered for development of seismic fragility curve. Capacity of the bridge has been determined by Pushover analysis of bridge pier and demand parameter of the bridge were obtained by using ATC 40 Capacity Spectrum method and IS 1893:2016 (Part 1) along with IRC 6:2017. Civil Software SAP 2000 version 20 is used to analyze the bridge pier. The fragility curves of the pier have been constructed assuming a lognormal distribution. The evaluation results presented here describes the probabilistic seismic failure of the bridge pier and its capacity to meet the desired performance level.

Features of Climatic Zones, Climate Change and Natural Hazards

There remains a proportionate balance between constituents of an ecosystem and surrounding components of environment. Economic development is a dynamic process which may necessitate alteration in existing proportionate equilibrium and through transition may acquire characteristic of other climatic region over time. As an ecosystem passes through intermediate stage of change in constituents, sustainable economic development process requires the minimization of its unfavourable affects on immediate environment forming climate over long time horizon. From this perspective, this paper makes an effort to prepare a framework for analyzing regional characteristics of climatic zones in India, type of dependence on natural resources and impact of change in carbon-di-oxide (CO2) emission on associated natural hazards.

Performance Evaluation of Google Earth Engine Based Precipitation Datasets Under Different Climatic Zones over India

Satellite as well as reanalysis-based datasets are widely available and useful in detecting spatial and temporal variability of rainfall at a finer resolution. These products have been widely used in weather forecasting and hydrological and climate studies. However, the accuracy of satellite products varies spatially and across different datasets. In this study, the accuracy of five satellite-based precipitation products with different spatial resolutions, i.e., CHIRPS, ERA5, TRMM, GPM, and TerraClim available on Google Earth Engine (GEE) were compared with India Meteorological Department (IMD) gridded data in six climate zones in India. The statistics such as RMSE, R2, MSE, and PBIAS were computed. It was observed that the performance of each product varies in different climatic zones. The GPM was observed to have high accuracy in arid, semi-arid, and tropical wet zones. TRMM showed a good match in tropical wet and dry, tropical wet, and semi-arid zones. TerraClim and ERA5 showed high accuracy in humid subtropical and montane regions, respectively. It was also observed that CHRIPS was found to be least suitable in all the climate zones across India. The findings from the present studies will serve as a guiding document for the researcher to select appropriate datasets for different applications such as drought monitoring, precipitation anomaly, hydrological models, or other related studies in India.

Analysis on performance of eco-friendly engineered cementitious composite for construction and environmental sustainability

Engineered cementitious composite (ECC) is one of the versatile construction composites. The eco-friendly nature and performance depend on the materials and curing period. This analysis uses sisal fibres at suitable fly ash to cement dosage (f/c). It is responsible for a reduction in disposal (or) environmental problems. The impact of alkaline-treated sisal fibres with different combinations of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibres on the characteristics of Indian Zone II fine aggregates (50% river sand + 50% Manufactured sand)-based ECC is analysed. Mix-1 prepared with 2% Sisal fibres, Mix-2 is 0.5% Sisal fibres + 1.5% PVA fibres. For this, a high f/c dosage (1.4) is considered. The compressive strength of composite is slightly improved from Mix-1 to Mix-2 at 28 days by the decreased content of sisal fibres. But the split tensile and flexural characteristics are moderately increased by 8.33%, and 5.45% from Mix-1 to Mix-2, respectively. These characteristics highly improved with the increased curing period (28 days to 120 days). The durability of the composite significantly influenced from 28 to 56 days, but slightly improved with the decreased content of sisal fibres. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were used to evaluate these properties. Portlandite (P) and quartz (Q) content were highly reduced (formation of C-S–H gel) from 28 to 56 days due to hydration of unhydrated fly ash, fine aggregates, and other materials. The microstructure of both the mixes is densified with this gel. Mix-2 is moderately densified than Mix-1 due to the properties and arrangement of sisal fibres. These fibres are appropriately arranged in the partial replacement of PVA fibres compared to full dosage.

Seasonal Variation of Water Quality Modulated Redox Regulatory System in the Apple Snail Pila globosa and Its Use as a Bioindicator Species in Freshwater Ecosystems across India

Studies on oxidative stress physiology on molluscs to monitor the aquatic environment, influenced by pollutants and stressors are very limited in general and in Indian apple snails, P. globosa in particular. The main focus of the present study was to establish the baseline data on a redox regulatory system in P. globosa sampled across the Indian subcontinent. Snails were sampled from different zones of India in three seasons (rainy, summer and winter) and the redox regulatory system (levels of antioxidant enzyme activities and small redox regulatory molecules) and oxidative stress indicator (lipid peroxidation) were analyzed. The observed elevated lipid peroxidation level in the summer season accompanied with elevated pH, salinity and temperature indicates induction of stress. In the summer season, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) enzymes were augmented, whereas the level of the free -SH group and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were found to be increased. Similarly, correlation analysis between the antioxidant system and aquatic parameters revealed that SOD, CAT and GR were influenced by pH as well as salinity, whereas CAT was strongly correlated with temperature. Collectively, our data indicate the use of P. globosa as a model organism to monitor and access the freshwater environment by determining the redox regulatory status of this animal.

Interrelation between Palaeolithic and faunal remains in the central Narmada Valley, India

Abstract Whether scavenging or hunting, the consumption of large mammals is very prominent in the history of humankind. During the Lower Palaeolithic period, the abundance of large cutting tools found indicates increased meat consumption. Evidence has demonstrated this at various African and European sites where direct links between lithic and faunal assemblages have been made, for instance cut-marked bones and use-wear studies. On the Indian Subcontinent, there is a lack of direct evidence on animal remains in archaeological contexts (with one exception); however, there are numerous sites where animal fossils and lithic artefacts occur in shared contextual associations. The present paper is concerned with the relationships between the lithic and faunal assemblages in archaeological contexts, particularly the occurrence of bifaces and large mammalian fossils in Lower Palaeolithic assemblages with specific reference to the central Indian zone. Without the confirmation of anthropogenic signatures on Pleistocene faunal remains, it is not easy to assess whether a particular assemblage has the contemporaneous deposition of the two datasets or not. Here, we present a review of archaeological and faunal records in the central Narmada Valley and explore the possible associative evidence of human–animal interactions.

Cancer Trends in Different Zones of India

Cancer Trends in Different Zones of India

ICMR task force project- survey of the incidence, mortality, morbidity and socio-economic burden of snakebite in India: A study protocol

Snakebite is possibly the most neglected of the NTDs (Neglected Tropical Diseases). Half of the global deaths due to venomous snakebites, estimated at 100,000 per year, occur in India. The only representative data on snakebite available from India is the mortality data from the RGI-MDS study (Registrar General of India- 1 Million Death Study) and another study on mortality from the state of Bihar. Incidence data on snakebite is available for 2 districts of the state of West Bengal only. Hospital-based data on snakebite admissions and use of ASV are gross underestimates as most snakebite victims in rural India depend more on alternate treatment methods which do not get represented in National registries. The proposed study is a multi-centric study to determine the incidence, morbidity, mortality and economic burden of snakebites in India covering all 5 geographical zones of the country. A community level surveillance for snakebite covering 31 districts in 13 states of India in order to obtain annual incidence of snakebites from the community. Frontline health workers will be trained to gather information on new cases of snakebite over the study period of 1-year, from "wards "(smallest administrative subunit of a village or town) that they represent in the study districts. Dedicated field officers would collect data on snakebites, victim characteristics, outcomes, utilization of health facilities on a questionnaire sheet designed for this purpose. The study duration is for 18 months from April 2022 to October 2023. The study would be the first of its kind in India looking prospectively at the incidence of snakebite covering 13 states in 5 zones of India and a population of 84 million. Our study covers 6.12% of the total population of the country as compared to the incidence study conducted in Sri Lanka which covered 1% of the total population.

A SURVEY-BASED STUDY TO UNDERSTAND THE PRACTICE PROFILE OF INDIAN GYNAECOLOGISTS ON IRON SUPPLEMENTATION IN WOMEN WITH IRON-DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA

Aim: Materials andTo understand the practice prole and prescribing patterns of iron supplements in women from menarche to menopause. Methods: The study was carried out among 334 gynaecologists practicing across various zones of India. Participants were invited to complete a digital link survey on prescribing iron supplements to patients with iron deciency and IDA. Data were analyzed using suitable statistical tests. Results: Around 49.7% of the gynaecologists reported the prevalence of anaemia to be 21–40%, whereas 11.1% reported it to be >60%. 84.1% preferred assessing haemoglobin to diagnose IDA. However, 56.6% favoured ruling out any haematological condition before commencing an iron supplement. Ferrous ascorbate was the most prescribed salt form of iron (87%), in combination with L-methylfolate (72.8%). 80.5% gynaecologists did not prescribe an oral iron supplement in the rst trimester, and 46.4% reported that 75% of their patients were compliant with the prescribed iron supplements. 61.4% of gynaecologists reported constipation as the most common side effect encountered by patients with oral iron supplements. For majority (48.8%), iron sucrose was the most preferred IV iron salt and its recommended dose in pregnancy was 100-200mg (63.66%). These ndings provide a clear understanding of the prescribing patterns of oral and IV iron supplements, including theConclusion: better outcomes associated with the sustained-release formulation and the use of L-methylfolate, leading to reduced non-compliance and improving anaemic conditions in Indian women.

Design and Optimization of Energy Consumption for a Low-Rise Building With Seasonal Variations Under Composite Climate of India

Abstract The need for maintaining thermal comfort conditions inside the building is a significant contributor to the total energy requirements of the buildings. Thus far, limited research has offered some strategies to mitigate the effect of ambient conditions on the thermal comfort and the building energy requirements for composite climatic zone in India. In order to address this problem, this study was conducted to evaluate and analyze the impacts of four different passive design strategies, i.e., insulation, cool roof, phase change material (PCM) thermal storage system, and shading, on thermal comfort and energy demand in the two-storey building situated in the composite climate zone of Delhi, India. The results obtained by numerical simulation for four different cities, i.e., Delhi, Jaipur, Lucknow, and Indore, have been compared to study the effect of local climatic and seasonal variations within the composite climatic zones. The simulations were conducted using the Design Builder software to capture results for one year. The results indicate that no single passive design strategy is sufficient to maintain comfortable conditions inside the building. The cool roof provides significant benefits in combination with other passive technologies in all seasons except for December, January, and February. The combination of insulation and PCM is useful for winter conditions. Energy saving of up to 20.5% is possible using the combination of all four passive strategies, whereas the cool roof alone gives an 18% reduction in energy load. The PCM with a melting point of about 32 °C is suggested for the cities under study.

Locational Strategy of Special Economic Zones in India

The establishment of special economic zones (SEZs) in Indian districts is intended to bring rapid economic growth to India. However, the data on SEZs show that SEZs are concentrated in only a few Indian districts and thus aggravate the problem of regional inequality. In this paper, the strategy of concentration of SEZs is analysed with a backdrop of the new economic geography theory. The data of the variables are extracted from Census 2011 and other sources for all 640 districts. The Tobit model is used to determine the locational factors behind the establishment of the SEZs in a district of India. The results show that the variables such as urbanization, distance from megacity, districts with a seaport and districts with airports have a significant impact on the number of SEZ approvals as well as SEZ notifications. The concentration of SEZs is mainly due to favourable market and infrastructural conditions. JEL codes: O10, C24, D63

Annual and Semiannual Variation in the Ionospheric F2-Layer Electron Density over the Indian Zone and Effect of Solar Activity on It

In situ measurement carried out by the Retarding potential Analyzer (RPA) on board SROSS C2 and ROCSAT during 1995 to 2003 covering ascending and descending periods of solar cycle 23 over Indian equatorial and low latitude were used to study the annual and semiannual variation of electron density at the topside F region. The ‘Semiannual anomaly’ which represent the electron density in equinox (March, April, September and October) is greater than that at solstice (May, June, July, August, November, December, January and February). The ‘annual anomaly’ which represents the electron density in winter (November, December, January, February) is higher than that in summer (May, June, July, August). The analysis has been carried out for the geomagnetic equator and ±10o magnetic latitudes. Observations reveal the existence of an equatorial asymmetry during daytime (10:00 – 14:00 hrs.) with higher electron density in spring (March, April) than in autumn (September, October) for both ascending and descending leg of the solar cycle. At the peak of the solar cycle, the density becomes equal for both equinoxes. Nighttime (22:00 – 00:00 hrs.) density in autumn is higher than that in spring for the ascending half of the solar cycle, becomes equal for both the equinoxes around the peak of the solar cycle. In the descending half the vernal density becomes higher than the autumnal density. The periodograms obtained from a Fourier analysis of the daytime average density shows that the annual variation is dominant over the semiannual variations for low to moderate solar activity whereas the semiannual peak becomes dominant over annual peak for high solar activity irrespective of the latitudes. At night, however, latitudinal differences have been observed. The annual variation is stronger than the semiannual variation at 10o N for low to moderate solar activity while for high solar activity the situation reverses. At 10o S and the magnetic equator, the annual variation is dominant for all levels of solar activity. Amplitude of the annual variation is higher in winter compared to that in summer. The physical and dynamical processes responsible for the observed annual and semi-annual trends in topside density will be identified and discussed.

Dissecting the Genetic Architecture of Phenology Affecting Adaptation of Spring Bread Wheat Genotypes to the Major Wheat-Producing Zones in India.

Spring bread wheat adaptation to diverse environments is supported by various traits such as phenology and plant architecture. A large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) was designed to investigate and dissect the genetic architecture of phenology affecting adaptation. It used 48 datasets from 4,680 spring wheat lines. For 8 years (2014–2021), these lines were evaluated for days to heading (DH) and maturity (DM) at three sites: Jabalpur, Ludhiana, and Samastipur (Pusa), which represent the three major Indian wheat-producing zones: the Central Zone (CZ), North-Western Plain Zone (NWPZ), and North-Eastern Plain Zone (NEPZ), respectively. Ludhiana had the highest mean DH of 103.8 days and DM of 148.6 days, whereas Jabalpur had the lowest mean DH of 77.7 days and DM of 121.6 days. We identified 119 markers significantly associated with DH and DM on chromosomes 5B (76), 2B (18), 7D (10), 4D (8), 5A (1), 6B (4), 7B (1), and 3D (1). Our results clearly indicated the importance of the photoperiod-associated gene (Ppd-B1) for adaptation to the NWPZ and the Vrn-B1 gene for adaptation to the NEPZ and CZ. A maximum variation of 21.1 and 14% was explained by markers 2B_56134146 and 5B_574145576 linked to the Ppd-B1 and Vrn-B1 genes, respectively, indicating their significant role in regulating DH and DM. The results provide important insights into the genomic regions associated with the two phenological traits that influence adaptation to the major wheat-producing zones in India.

Emergence of Earthquake Resistant Buildings: Review of Earthquake Resistant Tall Buildings of India

Earthquakes are a sign that the earth’s internal structure is changing. Seismic activity is normal in most parts of the world, but the frequency with which it occurs is determined by the tectonic setup of the region. Past earthquakes have resulted in significant loss of life and property, impacting a country’s social and economic conditions. Tough an earthquake cannot be prevented, the least that can be done to minimize damage is to make buildings earthquake-resistant. Most countries have required the inclusion of seismic requirements in building design and architecture as our understanding of earthquakes has increased. This paper aims to create a review of some earthquake-resistant tall buildings in various seismic zones in India. This study focuses on what are the different techniques adopted for these tall buildings to make them earthquake-resistant. This is a research with the approach consists of analysis from various case and literature studies and their comparison with regard to earthquake.

Seasonal variation of atmospheric total gaseous mercury and urban air quality in South India

<p>This study analyses seasonal and regular variations in ambient atmospheric concentrations of total gaseous mercury (TGM), ancillary air pollutant concentrations, and their relationship to weather conditions of a megacity environment in India. Further, to correlate with TGM concentrations at different megacities all around the urbanized environments in the world. The average concentration for TGM was 4.66 ± 8.35 ng/m3 and with an absorptions range of 0.41∼540 ng/m3 throughout the study period. The maximum concentration of total gaseous mercury was observed at 5.64 ng/m3 during the winter, while the minimum concentration was 3.91 ng/m3 during the southwest monsoon. The multivariate statistical analysis indicates the TGM values interacted positively with SR, WD, BP, CO, PM2.5, NO2, NOx and negatively with SO2, relative humidity, wind speed, and temperature. Meteorological parameters have an essential influence on the transport and distribution of pollutants in the monitoring site due to its location, local sources, and anthropogenic activities. Wind across India belongs to the southern hemisphere in summer and to the northern hemisphere in winter due to the movement of the intertropical convergence zone. Limited studies of atmospheric mercury concentrations have been conducted in India's city environments; however, as far as our results are concerned, they are the essentials, which exposed about environmental aggregate vaporous mercury detected in a required industrialized and coastal metropolitan zone in India.</p>

Deciphering core phyllomicrobiome assemblage on rice genotypes grown in contrasting agroclimatic zones: implications for phyllomicrobiome engineering against blast disease

BackgroundWith its adapted microbial diversity, the phyllosphere contributes microbial metagenome to the plant holobiont and modulates a host of ecological functions. Phyllosphere microbiome (hereafter termed phyllomicrobiome) structure and the consequent ecological functions are vulnerable to a host of biotic (Genotypes) and abiotic factors (Environment) which is further compounded by agronomic transactions. However, the ecological forces driving the phyllomicrobiome assemblage and functions are among the most understudied aspects of plant biology. Despite the reports on the occurrence of diverse prokaryotic phyla such as Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroides, and Actinobacteria in phyllosphere habitat, the functional characterization leading to their utilization for agricultural sustainability is not yet explored.Currently, the metabarcoding by Next-Generation-Sequencing (mNGS) technique is a widely practised strategy for microbiome investigations. However, the validation of mNGS annotations by culturomics methods is not integrated with the microbiome exploration program. In the present study, we combined the mNGS with culturomics to decipher the core functional phyllomicrobiome of rice genotypes varying for blast disease resistance planted in two agroclimatic zones in India. There is a growing consensus among the various stakeholder of rice farming for an ecofriendly method of disease management. Here, we proposed phyllomicrobiome assisted rice blast management as a novel strategy for rice farming in the future.ResultsThe tropical "Island Zone" displayed marginally more bacterial diversity than that of the temperate ‘Mountain Zone’ on the phyllosphere. Principal coordinate analysis indicated converging phyllomicrobiome profiles on rice genotypes sharing the same agroclimatic zone. Interestingly, the rice genotype grown in the contrasting zones displayed divergent phyllomicrobiomes suggestive of the role of environment on phyllomicrobiome assembly. The predominance of phyla such as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes was observed in the phyllosphere irrespective of the genotypes and climatic zones. The core-microbiome analysis revealed an association of Acidovorax, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Clavibacter, Clostridium, Cronobacter, Curtobacterium, Deinococcus, Erwinia, Exiguobacterium, Hymenobacter, Kineococcus, Klebsiella, Methylobacterium, Methylocella, Microbacterium, Nocardioides, Pantoea, Pedobacter, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia, Sphingomonas and Streptomyces on phyllosphere. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) method revealed distinct bacterial genera in blast-resistant and susceptible genotypes, as well as mountain and island climate zones. SparCC based network analysis of phyllomicrobiome showed complex intra-microbial cooperative or competitive interactions on the rice genotypes. The culturomic validation of mNGS data confirmed the occurrence of Acinetobacter, Aureimonas, Curtobacterium, Enterobacter, Exiguobacterium, Microbacterium, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas in the phyllosphere. Strikingly, the contrasting agroclimatic zones showed genetically identical bacterial isolates suggestive of vertical microbiome transmission. The core-phyllobacterial communities showed secreted and volatile compound mediated antifungal activity on M. oryzae. Upon phyllobacterization (a term coined for spraying bacterial cells on the phyllosphere), Acinetobacter, Aureimonas, Pantoea, and Pseudomonas conferred immunocompetence against blast disease. Transcriptional analysis revealed activation of defense genes such as OsPR1.1, OsNPR1, OsPDF2.2, OsFMO, OsPAD4, OsCEBiP, and OsCERK1 in phyllobacterized rice seedlings.ConclusionsPCoA indicated the key role of agro-climatic zones to drive phyllomicrobiome assembly on the rice genotypes. The mNGS and culturomic methods showed Acinetobacter, Aureimonas, Curtobacterium, Enterobacter, Exiguobacterium, Microbacterium, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas as core phyllomicrobiome of rice. Genetically identical Pantoea intercepted on the phyllosphere from the well-separated agroclimatic zones is suggestive of vertical transmission of phyllomicrobiome. The phyllobacterization showed potential for blast disease suppression by direct antibiosis and defense elicitation. Identification of functional core-bacterial communities on the phyllosphere and their co-occurrence dynamics presents an opportunity to devise novel strategies for rice blast management through phyllomicrobiome reengineering in the future.Graphical abstract

Sustainable Livestock Systems and Concurrent Challenges: A Mini Review

The economy of sustainable livestock relies on production and consumption of quality products in the market. The by-product should be evaluated technically for preparation, production practices and marketing endeavours for maintaining its yield and demand in the open market for attributes of livestock systems. To fulfil the attribute, there is requirement of a system consisting of high genetic material and high producing animals. Now a days, many scheme and experiment trials funded by central, or state government are carried out in different zones of India and abroad for identification of these traits. There is need to understand the failure of any product in market and their acceptance in the society.

HIV care policy in India: A review of social security schemes.

ABSTRACTSocial protection schemes are available in India to mitigate the various challenges faced by people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) infection. The availability of the schemes should be uniform across the country and based on the rights of these people. We reviewed the schemes available in the high PLWH-burdened states of the country for the year 2019. We identified 83 social protection schemes for the PLWH in 13 representative states from different zones of India. The number of schemes was as low as two in the states of Mizoram and Telangana and 12 schemes in Rajasthan. Most of the schemes belong to the ‘health’ category (n = 26, 31.3%), nutrition (n = 14, 16.9%), financial aid (n = 12, 14.5%), insurance (n = 11, 13.5%), employment generation (n = 3, 3.6%), housing (n = 3, 3.6%), and legal support (n = 5, 6.0%). While health-related schemes are present in all the states, the distribution of the other social schemes varies widely across the states. The schemes commonly address the social safety of the children affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), nutritional supplementation, direct financial assistance or subsidized services, and employment generation but vary considerably regarding the type and the number of services. We strongly recommend for evidence-based policy decision to provide uniform social schemes for PLWH.

Distribution records of Dormer’s Bat Scotozous dormeri (Dobson, 1875) (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Nepal

Dormer’s Bat is endemic to southern Asia and distributed in tropical, semi-arid, or arid climatic zones in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal (Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu 2019). It is insectivorous in nature and plays an important role in the natural control of insects. Roost search and mist netting were conducted during early evening to 2200 h in three sites and the species was identified by field-based morphology including medium body size, pale gray brown color on the dorsal side, buffy white ventral surface, and face is necked and uniform mid-brown in color. A total of five individuals of Scotozous dormeri were recorded from east to west Nepal and the forearm ranged 34.4–36.00 mm in length. An individual was observed in a cavity in a pillar in a wooden house at Ramjhoda, Sunsari District. Two individuals each were trapped at the Morange River, Morang District in the east and Hattikhauwa, Dang District in the west. Three localities of the species’ record lie in the dry and arid sub-tropical areas. This study records the second to fourth locality records of the species distribution to Nepal.

Contrasting impacts of net cloud radiative forcing on the surface temperature trends in India

The rise of spatial heterogeneity in surface temperature (T s ) over India cannot be explained by only the direct effect of enhanced greenhouse gas forcing. Here we propose an analytical framework to estimate the impact of the net cloud radiative forcing (CRF) trend on the observed T s trend for the duration of 2000–2019. The cloud sensitivity () estimated from the satellite observations vary in the range −0.180 to 0.241 K per W m−2 across the seven T s homogeneous zones in India. Net average (±1σ) CRFs over the Indian landmass during 2000–2019 in the shortwave and longwave are −15.5 ±11.3 and 12.4 ± 7.4 W m−2, −28.1 ± 22.4 and 24.6 ± 9.8 W m−2, −75.1 ± 20.4 and 55.0 ± 13.8 W m−2 and −23.3 ± 14.9 and 21.6 ± 14.8 W m−2, respectively for the winter (Dec-Feb), pre-monsoon (Mar–May), monsoon (Jun–Sep) and post-monsoon (Oct–Nov) seasons. We find that in some of the T s homogeneous regions, seasonal T s trends are suppressed, whereas in some other T s homogeneous regions, seasonal T s trends are accelerated by the net CRF. Our framework can be useful in studying the role of clouds in observed surface warming trends.