Zn Chloride Research Articles

Novel synthesis of 2-imino-2H-chromene-3-carboximide metal complexes

New metal complexes derived from the reaction of Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) chlorides with the 2-imino-2H-chromene-3-carboximide organic ligand (HL) have been synthesized. The resulting complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis (CHN), IR, magnetic susceptibility, mass spectra, 1HNMR, UV–Vis, ESR, thermal analysis (TG, DTG and DTA) and molar conductance measurements. All the complexes are 1:2 and 1:3 electrolytes according to their molar conductivities. The microanalyses and spectroscopic data showed that the metal(II)/(III) ions in these complexes achieved coordination number of six and hence have octahedral geometrical structures. This is attained by bonding to the bidentate ligand via its two amino nitrogen atoms and two imine nitrogen atoms, and two monodentate aquo groups via its oxygen atoms. The results showed that the ligand acts as neutral bidentate coordinating via amino and NH nitrogens without displacement of hydrogen. The antimicrobial activities of the chromene ligand and its complexes have been tested against a number of pathogenic bacteria and fungi to assess their inhibiting potential. Antimicrobial studies indicate that these complexes exhibit better activity than the chromene ligand.

Complexes of Pd(II) and Zn(II) chlorides with anthracene-containing α-amino oxime derived from the naturally occurring monoterpenoid (+)-3-carene

The complex Pd(HL)Cl2 (I) was obtained (HL is the anthracene-containing chiral α-amino oxime derived from the natural monoterpenoid (+)-3-carene). Single crystals of its solvate [Pd(HL)Cl2] · 0.33EtOH (II) were grown. According to X-ray diffraction data (CIF file CCDC no. 1008947), the crystals are built from mononuclear molecules of complex I and uncoordinated EtOH molecules. The coordination environment of the Pd atom in complex I (PdCl2N2) makes up a distorted square (trapezoid). The compound HL acts as a chelating bidentate ligand. The [Pd(HL)Cl2] and EtOH molecules are united into chains through weak hydrogen bonds. The photoluminescence (PL) of HL and the system ZnCl2-HL in acetonitrile was studied. The emission spectra show three bands at 394, 415, and 440 nm. The photoluminescence of the system ZnCl2-HL in solution is more intense than that of HL. A study of the system ZnCl2-HL by the molar ratio method in conjunction with emission spectroscopy suggests the formation of the complex Zn(HL)Cl2 in acetonitrile.

The Influence of Zinc on the Hydration and Compressive Strength of Portland Cement

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of addition of elements present in secondary raw materials on the hydration and compressive strength of Portland cement. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) has been used to solidify hazardous waste for about 25 years and the effect of waste components on the hydraulic activity is an interesting object for the research. In this study Zn nitrate, chloride and oxide were added to Portland cement. The concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 weight percent of zinc in cement were tested. After 1, 7 and 28 days the compressive strength was reduced or similar by the addition of zinc in comparison with pure cement. This difference is probably due to a delay in tricalcium silicate hydration as shown by isothermal calorimetry.

Synthesis of a sulfonate substituted β-diketimine ligand and its complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Pd(II)

Deprotonation of the β-diketimine ligand [CH2(C(Me)N-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)2] using n-BuLi followed by treatment with SO3NMe3 afforded the sulfonate substituted β-diketimine ligand Li(THF)2[O3SCH(C(Me)N-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)2] (1). Compound 1 is moderately soluble in water. It reacts with Ni(II) and Zn(II) chlorides to produce [LMCl] complexes (L=1 without Li(THF)2), in which the ligand coordinates to the metal in a tripodal fashion. Metal nitrate complexes [LM(O2NO)] [M=Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)] were also synthesized and structurally characterized. The reaction of 1 with [PdCl2(CH3CN)2] was also explored. Depending on the reaction conditions, two dinuclear Pd complexes, [LPdCl2PdCl2]− and [LPdCl2PdL], were formed. In both the cases the sulfonate group remained uncoordinated.

Synthesis, structural features, and methyl methacrylate polymerisation of binuclear zinc(II) complexes with tetradentate pyrazolyl ligands

The reaction of ZnCl2 with ancillary ligands, including 1,4-bis-(N,N-di-(1H-pyrazolyl-1-methyl)amine)benzene (L1) and 4,4′-bis-(N,N-di(1H-pyrazolyl-1-methyl)phenyl)methane (L2), in ethanol yields Zn(II) chloride complexes, i.e., 1,4-bis-(N,N-di-(1H-pyrazolyl-1-methyl)amine)benzene(dichloro)Zn(II) [L1Zn2Cl4] and 4,4′-bis-(N,N-di-(1H-pyrazolyl-1-methyl)phenyl)methane(dichloro)Zn(II) [L2Zn2Cl4]. The X-ray crystal structures of Zn(II) complexes revealed that they are binuclear, and each zinc atom has a distorted tetrahedral geometry which involves a nitrogen atom from two pyrazole groups and two chloro ligands. The catalytic activity of [L1Zn2Cl4] and [L2Zn2Cl4] for the polymerisation of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO) increased by twofold compared to the corresponding monomeric Zn(II) complex, N,N-bis(1H-pyrazolyl-1-methyl)aniline(dichloro)Zn(II) [LZnCl2], at 60°C.

Synthesis of Metal Complexes of Schiff Bases and their Nematicidal Activity Against Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita

Six metal complexes were synthesized from Cd (II), Mn (II) and Zn (II) chloride and ligands 2-((3- nitrophenylimino)methyl)phenol (HL1) and 2-((4-nitrophenylimino)methyl)phenol (HL2) in 1:2 M ratio. Microanalytical data, UV-Visible spectral data, magnetic susceptibility, IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, mass and molar conductance measurements were used to characterize the structure of complexes. The complexes were found to be non electrolytic on the basis of molar conductance studies. The Schiff bases and their metal complexes had also been screened for their antinemic activity against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Complexes have shown significant antinemic activity than their corresponding Schiff bases.

Coordination behavior and binding properties of (3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethanol with Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) metals

The coordination chemistry and binding properties of (3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethanol (L1) with Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) have been investigated. Reactions of L1 with Zn(II) and Cd(II) nitrate or chloride salts produced the corresponding monometallic and bimetallic complexes [Zn(NO3)2(L1)] (1), [ZnCl2(L1)] (2), [Cd(NO3)2(L1)2] (3) and [Cd2Cl2(μ-Cl2)(L1)2] (4). Solid-state structures of 3 and 4 confirmed the bidentate coordination mode of L1. The extraction efficiency of the metals by L1 is dependent upon the size and electronic properties of the metal. Binding affinities of 92% for Cu(II), 90% for Zn(II), 70% for Pb(II), and 61% for Cd(II) were observed.

Antibacterial and Thermal Study of Selected Transition Metal Complexes of N-[(E)-pyridin-3- ylmethylidene]quinolin-3-amine (PMQA)

N-[(E)-pyridin-3-ylmethylidene]quinolin-3-amine (PMQA), a derivative of quinoline and its complexes with Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) chlorides were synthesized and tested for their antimicrobial activity. The PMQA provided the N,N donor sites to the transition metals hence imparting novelty and stability to the complexes. The structures of the complexes along with the ligand were characterized by physical methods such as elemental analysis, UV-Vis spectra,1H-NMR, IR, and conductance studies. Thermal degradation pattern was examined with TG/DT analysis. Antimicrobial activities were studied with gram-positive bacteria, which included Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Streptococcus pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli represented gram-negative bacteria. The prepared compounds showed high activity against Bacillus subtilis as compared to the rest of the bacterial species.

Histopathology of cerebro neuronal cells in freshwater snail Bellamya bengalensis: impact on respiratory physiology, by acute poisoning of mercuric and zinc chloride

Mercuric (Hg) and zinc (Zn) chloride toxicity was investigated in cerebroneuronal cells and gills of Bellamya bengalensis using sublethal concentrations under lab conditions. Freshwater snail B. bengalensis was exposed to mean LC50 concentration (1.56 ppm and 12.7 ppm) of Hg and Zn chloride, respectively. Bioaccumulation of Hg and Zn was observed in nervous and gill tissue in proportion to the time of exposure. Respiratory mechanisms and rate of oxygen consumption was depleted by both metals. Histopathological alterations in cerebro neuronal cells (giant, large, medium, and small) and gill filamental epithelia were apparent in Hg and Zn-exposed snails. Histopathology demonstrated increased cytoplasmic basophilia, extreme indentation of plasma membrane, karyolitic and eccentric nuclei, nuclear envelope with irregular size, and shrunken appearance of cerebroneuronal cells. Histologically, gill filamental epithelia showed hypertrophy, enlarged ciliated margins reduced length of cilia, nuclear dilations, thickening of basal lamina, and hemocytic accumulations in induced cells and severe loss of goblet mucus cells at the tip. Histopathology was accompanied by dysfunctioning cilia with decreased rate of respiration. Overall, neuronal impairment with damaged gill filament produced improper gaseous exchange leading to sluggish movement.

Tetraalkylammonium oleate and linoleate based ionic liquids: promising extractants for metal salts

In this paper new extractants, that have the potential to be sustainably regenerated, are proposed for metal removal from aqueous phases. These extractants are a novel class of ionic liquids (ILs) with unsaturated fatty acids as anions (oleate and linoleate). The advantages of using these ILs are their simple synthesis, their sustainability (fatty acids anions are renewable), their biocompatibility and their non-toxicity. This makes these ILs “simpler and greener” compared to other solvents used for metal extraction. The newly synthesized ILs were evaluated for extraction of Li, Na, K, Mn(II), Fe(II), and Zn(II) chlorides from aqueous solutions. No or negligible extraction efficiencies were observed for the alkali metal salts, but excellent extraction (>99%) efficiencies were obtained for the period IV transition metal salts.

Effectiveness of a mouthrinse containing active ingredients in addition to chlorhexidine and triclosan compared with chlorhexidine and triclosan rinses on plaque, gingivitis, supragingival calculus and extrinsic staining

To assess the effectiveness of three different mouthrinses--chlorhexidine, triclosan + sodium fluoride and chlorhexidine + triclosan + sodium fluoride + zinc chloride--on plaque, calculus, gingivitis and stains and to evaluate the occurrence of adverse effects with these three treatments. Forty-eight healthy subjects participated in a double-blind, randomized, parallel experiment and were randomly allocated to any one of the three experimental mouthrinses: group A (0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate), group B (0.03% triclosan + 0.025% sodium fluoride (NaF) + 12% ethyl alcohol) or group C (0.2% CHX + 0.3% triclosan + 0.3% NaF + 0.09% Zn chloride (ZnCl(2)). All the subjects were assessed for gingivitis, plaque, supragingival calculus and extrinsic stains at baseline and at the end of the 21-day experimental period. There was a significant difference (P = 0.046) in the effectiveness for the prevention of gingivitis and plaque, with subjects of group A and group C presenting least and highest gingival and plaque scores, respectively. Significant differences (P = 0.03) were observed for the accumulation of supragingival calculus where the deposition of calculus in group A was nearly double that of the group B, and group B was most effective in the prevention of supragingival calculus. Highest deposition of extrinsic stains was in the group A followed by group C and group B. There was no significant difference between the three treatments for adverse events' occurrence. CHX mouthrinse was most effective in controlling plaque and gingivitis but caused greatest deposition of extrinsic stains. Supragingival calculus deposition was least in triclosan + NaF group followed by CHX + triclosan + NaF + ZnCl(2) and CHX. More than half of the subjects reported adverse events during the experimental phase.

Synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of derivatives from the N,N-bis(1H-pyrazolyl-1-methyl)aniline(dichloro)Zn(II) complex: Substituent effects on the phenyl ring versus the pyrazole ring

The reaction of anhydrous ZnCl2 with ancillary ligands, including N,N-bis(1H-pyrazolyl-1-methyl)aniline (L1), N,N-bis(1H-pyrazolyl-1-methyl)-p-methoxyaniline (L2), N,N-bis(1H-pyrazolyl-1-methyl)-p-fluoroaniline (L3) and N,N-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolyl-1-methyl)aniline (L4), in ethanol yields Zn(II) chloride complexes, i.e., L1ZnCl2, L2ZnCl2, L3ZnCl2 and L4ZnCl2. X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that the Zn atoms of all of the synthesized complexes have a distorted tetrahedral geometry involving a nitrogen atom from each of two pyrazole groups and two chloro ligands. However, the nitrogen atom of the aniline group is not coordinated to the Zn center, resulting in the formation of an eight-membered chelate ring. The catalytic activity of the Zn(II) complexes in the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO) results in a higher molecular weight and a narrow polydispersity index (PDI) range.

3D‐Metal Complexes Derived from Proton Pump Inhibitors‐Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Studies

Complexes of lansoprazole 2[[[[3‐methyl, 4‐(2′,2′,2′‐trifluoro‐ethoxy)]‐2‐pyridinyl] methyl]sulfonyl]–1H–benzimidazole (LAN) with chlorides of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Mn(II) and Zn(II) were synthesized. LAN is a weak base and it can form several complexes with transition and non‐transition metal ions. It should be noticed that the reaction of all the metal salts yielded bis(ligand) complexes of the general formula [ML2(H2O)2] and [ML2] (M = Co, Ni, Cu, Mn and Zn). The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductivity, magnetic susceptibility measurements, IR, 1H‐NMR, UV‐visible spectral studies, ESR, SEM, x‐ray diffraction, TGA and mass spectra. In all the complexes ligand is coordinated by participation of the pyridine nitrogen of the benzimidazole ring and sulphonyl group. Electronic spectra and magnetic susceptibility reveal octahedral geometry for Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes and tetrahedral for Zn(II) complex. The antimicrobial activity of the ligand and its complexes against bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and fungi Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavous were investigated. The effect of metals on the antimicrobial activity of the ligand has been discussed.

Species-specific sensitivity of earthworm coelomocytes to dermal metal (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) exposures: Methodological approach

Earthworm immune-competent cells (coelomocytes) can be adversely affected by soil metal contamination. The aim of the present paper was to perform comparative studies on the coelomocytes of four lumbricid species dermally exposed for 2 days to filter paper soaked with Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, or Pb chlorides (1 mM). Coelomocytes were expelled by electro-stimulation, counted, and assayed ex vivo by flow cytometry and spectrofluorometry. The coelomocytes of Allolobophora chlorotica and Dendrobaena veneta contain both amoebocytes and riboflavin-storing eleocytes; consequently, they were subjected to assays based on flow cytometric quantification of autofluorescent eleocytes and spectrofluorometric measurement of riboflavin content in coelomocyte lysates. In Al. chlorotica, the number of coelomocytes, the percentage of eleocytes, and the amount of riboflavin were significantly lower in Cu-exposed worms although these cytometric parameters were less affected by Ni, Zn, Cd exposure, and entirely unaffected by Pb exposure. In D. veneta, such cellular effects were also only observed in Cu-exposed worms. The coelomic fluids of Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus rubellus are constitutionally impoverished of eleocytes; therefore, these species could not be subjected to assays measuring the riboflavin content of these granular cells. Rather, the amoebocytes of Ap. caliginosa and L. rubellus were subjected to flow cytometric measurements of in vitro neutral red uptake (NR). However, the NR uptake assay was technically demanding, requiring a strictly normalized incubation period over all samples to yield useful comparative data. In contrast, the riboflavin content in the coelomocyte lysates of eleocyte-rich species appears to be a robust and convenient immune-function biomarker of environmental stress.

Interrelationships between cadmium, zinc and antioxidants in the liver of the rat exposed orally to relatively high doses of cadmium and zinc

Zinc (Zn) reduces cadmium (Cd)-induced toxicity in the liver although it increases Cd tissue burden in some conditions; hence, the present study is designed to study the relationships between Cd, Zn and antioxidants in the liver of rats exposed to Cd. Livers of male rats which received orally relatively high doses of Cd (200 mg Cd/L as Cd chloride or Cd (200 mg/L)+Zn (500 mg Zn as Zn chloride) during five weeks, were investigated. Cd induced an accumulation of Cd and Zn in parallel to depletion in important variables (GSH, GSH/GSSG, CuZn-SOD and GPx activities) and to elevation in others (Cd/Zn and GSSG). Cd, did not affect CuZn SOD/GPx, nor Mn-SOD in the liver. Cd accumulation, Cd/Zn, CuZn SOD activity and CuZn SOD/GPx, was increased remarkably under Zn action. Zn supply ameliorated GSH level and partially reversed the decrease in GSH/GSSG, but it did not ameliorate GPx activity. Analysis showed high correlations between Cd and the majority of the variables, while Zn was positively correlated with only GSSG. We suggest from our results that Zn has indirect ameliorative effects on Cd-induced toxicity in the liver and that the increase in Cd retention is probably the key mechanism modulating, in the case of relatively high doses of Cd, the antioxidant response during exposure to Cd and Zn.

Complexation of chalocogenadiazoles with 3d metals: Crystal and molecular structure of naphtho[1,2-c][1,2,5]thiazol-9-ol

Nine complexes of copper(II), cobalt(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) chlorides with naphtho[1,2,-c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-9-ol (HL1), naphtho[1,2-c][1,2,5]thiadiazol-9-ol (HL2), and naphtho[1,2-c][1,2,5]selenadiazol-9-ol (HL3) have been synthesized, isolated in the crystalline state, and studied by physicochemical methods. The composition of the complexes in solutions as been determined and their stability constants have been calculated from spectrophotometric data. The electronic structures of the ligands and complexes have been calculated by quantum-chemical methods. The crystal and molecular structure of HL2 has been determined by X-ray crystallography.

Metal Recovery from Aqueous Solutions

Metal recovery by reduction of metal ions present in model solutions, containing one or more heavy metals, was performed. To prepare the model solutions, sulfates and/or chlorides of Cu(II), Cd(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) were used, at pH 3.5. Assays were run in a one or two compartments cell, at different applied potentials, using a steel plate as cathode, a platinum plate as anode and an Ag/AgCl, KClsat as reference electrode. The metal recovery yield was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The phases corresponding to the metallic deposits were identified by X-ray diffraction. For the solutions containing just one metal ion, the best metal recoveries and the corresponding applied potentials, obtained in a one cell compartment, were the following: Cu 2+ 99% at E = - 100 mV; Pb 2+ 99% at E = - 800 mV; Cd 2+ 93% at E = 900 mV; and Zn 2+ 38% at E = - 1300 mV. The metal removals from the mixed solution of four heavy metals, after 4 consecutive chronoamperometries, performed in a one compartment cell, at the best applied potentials determined with the solutions containing only one metal ion, were the following: Cu 2+ 99%; Pb 2+ 68%; Cd 2+ 92%; and Zn 2+ 10%.

Influence of Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn Chlorides and Oxides on Formation of Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds in MSWI Fly Ash

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionNEXTInfluence of Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn Chlorides and Oxides on Formation of Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds in MSWI Fly AshTakashi Fujimori*, Masaki Takaoka, and Nobuo TakedaCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 4, 1746Publication Date (Web):December 31, 2010Publication History Published online31 December 2010Published inissue 15 February 2011https://doi.org/10.1021/es1040909Copyright © 2010 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views513Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (611 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Synthesis, Physicochemical, and Biological Studies of Complexes of 2-Aminobenzohydrazine with Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) Chlorides

Coordination complexes of modified hydrazine bearing unit were synthesized with transition metals viz. Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II). The ligand amino benzohydrazide (ABH) was synthesized by replacing the methoxy moiety of methyl anthranilate with the nitrogen of the hydrazine hydrate, creating new coordination site. The coordination complexes were made by the reaction of ABH ligand with dehydrated metal chloride in inert environment. The compositions and structures of ligand and coordination complexes were elucidated employing physical measurements such as microanalysis, NMR, IR, UV-visible spectroscopy, magnetic, and conductance measurements. The results revealed the composition as M(ABH)Cl2. All of them exhibited tetrahedral geometry. Thermal studies of these metal complexes reveal the Irving William series trend regarding their stabilities. Antibacterial and antifungal inhibitions were also tested in order to determine the effectiveness of these complexes.

Deactivation of Metal Chlorides by Alkaline Compounds Inhibits Formation of Chlorinated Aromatics

The inhibitory mechanisms of alkaline compounds on the formation of chlorinated aromatic (aromatic-Cl) compounds in postcombustion fly ash from thermal processes such as municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration are not fully understood. Here, we report quantitative and X-ray spectroscopic evidence that deactivation of metal chloride promoter activity by alkaline compounds inhibits the formation of aromatic-Cl compounds. The formation of aromatic-Cl compounds such as chlorobenzenes and polychlorinated biphenyls in real MSW fly ash was inhibited by the addition of NaOH, Ca(OH)(2), or NaHCO(3), either dry or in solution, with the fly ash. With optimal conditions, the formation of aromatic-Cl compounds was inhibited by more than 95% in comparison with formation in reheated raw MSW fly ash. We prepared simplified model fly ash samples to estimate the influence of alkaline compounds on trace Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn chlorides, which strongly promote aromatic-Cl compound formation. More than 99% inhibition was observed in some model samples. Cl K-edge X-ray absorption and X-ray diffraction provided clear evidence of promoter deactivation, as NaOH or NaHCO(3) changed to NaCl, and Ca(OH)(2) changed to CaCl(2) or CaClOH by reaction with the metal chlorides. NaOH was the most reactive and useful of the three alkaline compounds tested. We recommend deactivation of metal chlorides as an environmentally friendly method of inhibiting the formation of aromatic-Cl compounds, with the added benefit of changing the alkaline compounds and metal chlorides into harmless chemicals such as NaCl and metal oxides.